Sql Analysis Sql And Sql Essay - 1609 Words

Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to query, operate, and administer database systems such as Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, or MySQL. The general use of SQL is consistent across all database systems that support it; however, there are intricacies that are particular to each system. Database systems are commonly used to provide backend functionality to many types of web applications. In support of web applications, user-supplied data is often used to dynamically build SQL statements that interact directly with a database. A SQL injection attack is an attack that is aimed at subverting the original intent of the application by submitting attacker-supplied SQL statements directly to the backend database. Depending on the web application, and how it processes the attacker-supplied data prior to building a SQL statement, a successful SQL injection attack can have far-reaching implications. The possible security ramifications range from authentication bypass to information disclosure to enabling the distribution of malicious code to application users. A SQL injection attack involves the alteration of SQL statements that are used within a web application through the use of attacker-supplied data. Insufficient input validation and improper construction of SQL statements in web applications can expose them to SQL injection attacks. SQL injection is such a prevalent and potentially destructive attack that the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) lists it as the numberShow MoreRelatedMicrosoft Azure Sql Database Analysis893 Words   |  4 PagesMy two advance topics in which I am interested are: †¢ Microsoft Azure SQL Database: Microsoft Azure SQL Database is a cloud database service of Microsoft’s. I have worked with MSSQL Database during my job. Now I want to learn advance technology which is Sql Azure. In SQL Azure you have to use SQL Server authentication instead of Integrated Security. When you work with SQL Azure you don t need to spend any time on security patches, disk space, moving databases between different servers to handleRead MoreUses Of Nosql Databases On Insurance Industry1417 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The No SQL is applied in the insurance industry to allow the handling of the dynamic client data and the combination of policy using all forms of the object and attributes relationship. The No SQL apply the application of the World Wide Web services layer to allow the No SQL server render the best view of the data. The No SQL exists in different platforms and types to support the diversity of the different insurance agencies and policies. The types of the No SQL include the Hadoop,Read MoreBest Practices for Msbi1064 Words   |  5 Pagesmultidimensional analysis to data mining. 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Extensive experience working with enterprise level data warehouses, ETL tools and writing advanced SQL queries including OLAP Cubes functionality across various RDBMS platforms (SQL Server, Teradata, Oracle DB2). Proficient with Data Analysis techniques like Data Profiling, Data Cleansing, Data Integrity, Data Mining, Data Reference and Security and etc. Strong knowledge and understanding of Data Lineage. 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One common way of doing this is through the SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) which offers a set of tools to load externally sourced information into a database. SSIS may be used to â€Å"integrate many different type of external data sources, while applying complex business rules and workflow logic†Read MoreDatabase Protection System For The Security Of The Database And Web Application1401 Words   |  6 PagesInternet attacks has been increasing. As attacks are increasing there is no security for the network related data bases. We need urgently a database protection system against the attacks in order keep the data securely. This paper reviews about the SQL attacks, database protection system which is used between the database and web application. There are different protective measures for the different users to provide effective security of the database. Introduction: Since the rapid increase of useRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of Database Software Programs1257 Words   |  5 PagesComparative Analysis of Database Software Programs Introduction All enterprise software applications rely on databases to provide the necessary data, data structures, integration, security and reporting to ensure corporate-wide systems and platforms can deliver information when and where it is needed. From this perspective, databases are the catalyst of enterprise software growth and stability. The intent of this analysis is to compare the most critical attributes of Microsoft Access, SQL, IBM DB2Read MoreDatabase Proposal : Analysis The Performance Of Database1720 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis the performance of database Xiaoyu Liang Computer Engineering Department Student id: 010830131 Xiaoyu.liang@sjsu.edu Abstract—This report compares the performance of different type of databases and general the normal way to improve the performance of the database. Keywords—database; performance; SQL; NO-SQL; I. INTRODUCTION The database means we collect data according to their types or relations and store these data in the  tables in order to make further operated.   And the Database-management

Why The Elderly Patient At The End Of Life Care - 1893 Words

For everyone, young and old, death is unavoidable and the loss is felt by those close to the person who has died. Sometimes maintaining a consistent quality of care is difficult which brought me to my PICO question. Does the elderly patient at the end of life receive better continuity of care in an acute care facility or at home while utilizing a home care visiting nurse service? â€Å"End-of-life care† is the term used to refer to the support and medical care given for the period of the time surrounding death. The quality of this care should be seamless weather in a hospital or at home. End of life care does not just begin at the end as the name suggests, but it is the care a person receives once they have accepted the prognosis of a rapidly approaching end. The elderly population with multiple comorbidities may be â€Å"living, and dying† at the same time. This was a new idea brought about by this very class; The patient may be living with one or more chronic illnesses and may require a lot of assistance and care for days, weeks, and sometimes even months leading up to their death. The continuity of care is even more pertinent at this late stage in life. Continuity of care is, at its most basic of definitions, the quality of care over time. Establishing continuity of care is based on promotion continuous, caring relationships between patients and healthcare providers. It also includes ensuring a safe, coordinated transition of patients between healthcare environments, either fromShow MoreRelatedNursing Paper: Gerontological and Geriatric Nursing1702 Words   |  7 PagesDecember 2012 1. End of Life Issues and the Elderly (2) Identify and discuss the role of the nurse in providing family centred care to an elderly client who is palliative and living at home with his/her spouse or another family member. Palliative care is an approach to provide a coordinated medical, nursing, and allied health service to address the patients physical, social emotional and spiritual needs for people with progressive incurable illness. Palliative care seeks to deliver alliedRead MoreThe Ethics Of Age Based Rationing977 Words   |  4 PagesSuch a touchy and emotional topic in everyones life is dealing with the declining health of a family family member. Nobody wants to see a loved one go through the pain and suffering of a disease or illness and to also be left with the burden of facing the most difficult choices you will ever have to make regarding their medical care. Life extending medical technology and procedures are extremely expensive. A recent Mount Sinai School of Medicine study found out that out of pocket expenses for MedicareRead MoreEssay The Physician-Assisted Suicide Argument985 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual. Voluntary PAS is a medical professional, usually a physician, who provides medication or other procedures with the intention of ending the patient’s life. Voluntary PAS is the administration of medicine with the explicit consent from the patient. In terms of this paper, we focus on voluntary physician-assisted suicide in the elderly, 65 and older. Assisted suicide raises the complex issues of moral, religious, cultural and legal issues. Laws against assisted suicide are present in 37 statesRead MoreEuthanasia: The Pros and Cons1281 Words   |  6 Pageseuthanasia for many reasons; Euthanasia is cheaper, it ends the suffering of patients, and self determinism. Euthanasia is the assisted ending of a person life in response to pain and suffering. There are two types of Euthanasia: Voluntary and involuntary. (Top 10 Pros and Cons – Euthanasia,2010) Voluntary euthanasia refers to a patient and physician reaching a decision on euthanasia together. The patient may want the procedure done and says so. The patient may ask for â€Å"help† with dying, refuse medicalRead MoreOrdinary Medicine : Extraordinary Treatments Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pages[Electronic]. Ili Yang The University of British Columbia 11/12/2016 Written about the structure and culture of biomedical heath care and a society that is attempting to prolong aging, Medicare funding, funding and development of research, and today’s definition of standard care, Sharon Kaufman brings to light the many dilemmas posed to the American health care system. Her ethnographic story, Ordinary Medicine: Extraordinary Treatments, Longer Lives and Where to Draw the Line reveals the boomingRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Physician Assisted Suicide Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia is described as the intentional discontinuation, by the patient s physician, of vital treatment that could prolong the person s life. Assisted suicide occurs when a health care worker provides a patient with tools and/or medication that will help the patient kill him or herself, without the direct intervention of the care provider. This paper will define key terms for my argument against Physician Assisted Death, and why I believe it’s wrong, wher e I will provide a brief background ofRead MorePhysician Assisted Death1466 Words   |  6 Pagesof the elderly persons in the society, with the primary goal of promoting their health through the prevention and treatment of various diseases and disabilities. There is no established age limit medically at which a patient is termed geriatric, but the decision is largely guided by the needs of a particular person and the availability of a geriatrician. The elderly persons in the society are always victims of various chronic and severe acute diseases, some of which are incurable and end up killingRead MoreThe Ontario Network For The Prevention Of Elder Abuse953 Words   |  4 Pagesway; which is over 160,000 people in Ontario. Elderly abuse is categorized as the violence, mistreatment or neglect of an elderly person by caregivers, service providers, family, or even strangers (Canadian Government). A senior citizen can be abused physically, financially, psychologically, and rarely, sex ually. The mistreatment is usually because of the influence a caregiver has over an older adult. The abuse on the elderly can happen in long term care facilities or in the home; it usually goes unnoticedRead MoreMedical, Social And Ethical Reasons Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesmedicine, people have requested doctors to end suffering through physician assisted suicide (PAS) (Boudreau 1). PAS refers to the practice in which physicians knowingly provide an individual with the means and/or knowledge to commit suicide, which includes counselling about medication and prescribing or supplying such drugs (Pereira 1). In my opinion, terminally ill patients should be allowed to end their lives through PAS because it affords the patients the choice of whether or not they wish to endureRead MoreEuthanasia: An Ethical Dilema Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Medical advances over the past hundred years have extend the life expectancy astronomically. Medicine provides hope that in the event of an â€Å"accident† we can be sure everything will be done to preserve our life, and that the healthcare community will exhaust all possibilities and resources in trying to accomplish this goal. Healthcare also give the reassurance of palliative care to ensure the remaining time on Earth is a painless as possible. However, there are those moments when

Kimball Courthouse free essay sample

A study of the architecture of the Kimball, Minnesota courthouse. This paper examines the historic architecture of the Kimball, Minnesota courthouse building. It describes the sense of history through the preservation of historical features such as the stage, the bell tower, tin ceilings and carriage door bricks. The paper provides a description of the exterior and interior of the building and provides the social purpose for this site. Settled long ago by courageous pioneers, Kimball, Minnesota still maintains its small town feel. Today courageous pioneers are fighting to preserve a historic showpiece, the traditional City Hall. The 92-year old City Hall stands proudly in the middle of downtown representing Kimballs heritage. Many small towns are losing their historic buildings to age and lack of the buildings ability to meet the communitys needs. In fact, the Kimball building is starting to deteriorate and its fate lies in the hands of the people. We will write a custom essay sample on Kimball Courthouse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Following is an analysis of the exterior and interior of the building.

Student uniforms Essays (563 words) - Uniforms, Childrens Clothing

Should school system require students to wear mandatory uniforms? Uniforms should definitely be used in school systems. Everything about it makes sense. Not everyone is going to be happy about it at first, but they will slowly but surely adjust. Uniforms free students of the stress on what to wear in the morning. I usually have that problem, as well as many other students. Uniforms also relieve the tension, or "break the ice", when new students come in, since they will be wearing the same thing. This will benefit both the new student and the class as a whole. The uniforms will build a sense of unity within the school. Instead of everyone as a separate "team", everyone will be in the same "team". This will benefit the whole school. Uniforms free students of the stress on what to wear in the morning. Many students, including myself, stand in front of their closets and just stare, trying to decide on what kind of shirt to wear as well as what kind of pants or shorts. Then uniforms will speed up the morning "getting-up" process, thus reducing morning tardiness in school. The enforcement of uniforms will relieve the tension between the new students and the students that are already there. The uniforms will expedite the process of making new friends for the new student since the uniforms will help the new student feel a sense of "belonging". This helps the majority of the school becoming friends with each other. This obviously helps the class and also the school as a whole, as there will be less fights and controversy between students. The implementation of school uniforms has the potential to help bring under control the disciplinary problems found in our schools, and it can do so in many ways. It could end the needless violence that occurs from the strong-arm robberies and thefts at our schools. These senseless acts largely occur due to the designer clothing, expensive jewelry, and high cost brand name footwear that are being worn to class. Uniforms can furthermore help deter the display of gang activity in the school. The simple logic behind this is, gangs would not be permitted to wear their gang colors during school because of the uniform regulations. School uniforms could also help deter the trend of cutting class or skipping school. If students were outfitted in mandatory school uniforms, they could be easily recognized outside the school grounds during the normal school day. This approach would help eliminate the temptation of students to leave school grounds unless authorized to do so. Uniforms will build a sense of unity within the school. The students will feel they are a part of one whole team charging toward their ultimate goal: graduation and college. The sense of unity will bring more fans and support for sports events and help the school financially. There will also be less fights and riots within the school when all the students feel they are a part of the same one team. The theory of uniforms in school systems is a great idea. It will relieve the students of the stress on what to wear to school every day, "break the ice" for a new student, and build a sense of unity for the school. These reasons clearly indicate the need for uniforms in our school systems.

How to Etch Glass (Process) essays

How to Etch Glass (Process) essays Etching glass can be a fun, easy, and inexpensive way to perk up old boring glasses. Martha Stewart, the arts and crafts expert of the century, uses this same exact method of etching glass. This essay will lead a person through the procedure of etching glass. There are only six simple objects a person doing this project may need, there are only ten steps to follow, and five problems followed by their solutions are to be read. It is essential to have the appropriate tools and materials when etching glass. The items that will be used are found at arts and crafts stores. The items you need are a glass, scissors, masking tape, plastic gloves, etching cream, and a paintbrush. The glass must be very clean and should not be very expensive for first time etchers. Etching cream is a compound that makes the surface of a glass look worn. The masking tape must be sticky enough as not to fall off of the glass while cream is setting. The procedures involved in etching glass are as simple as the items need. Etching glass is very simple and does not take much skill to do. First clean the glass and dry it thoroughly. Then trace any design onto a piece of masking tape. Then cut the design out. Next apply the tape firmly to the glass. After putting on gloves put etching cream on a paint brush and apply the etching cream to the glass. Wait approximately 5 minutes. Rinse off cream with warm water. Remove the tape and then it is finished. One may run into a few problems though. The problems are easy to avoid if instructions are followed carefully. The first problem a person should avoid is getting cream on the skin, this will not feel to nice, long sleeves and gloves should be worn. The vapors of the etching cream are harmful; etching glass should be done in a well-ventilated area. If one is not careful to apply the tape firmly the cream may seep under the tape and destroy the project. If the cream is not applied evenly the r ...

Once Upon A Psychological Theory Essays - Freudian Psychology

Once Upon A Psychological Theory Essays - Freudian Psychology Once Upon A Psychological Theory Once Upon A Psychological Theory An Analysis of Psychological Hypotheses in Fairy Tales and Their Affect on Childhood Development INDEX I. Personal Statement II. Introduction III. Piaget A. Childhood Development i. Sensory-Motor Stage ii. Preoperational Stage ii. Stage Of Concrete Operations iii. Stage Of Formal Operations IV. Erikson A. Autonomy And Social Development i. Theory ii. The Goose Girl V. Freud A. The Id, The Ego And The Super Ego i. Theory ii. The Three Little Pigs B. Oedipus i. The Myth Of Oedipus ii. Theory ii. Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs iii. Cinderella iv. Rapunzel VI. Conclusion VII. Bibliography PERSONAL STATEMENT The object of psychology is to give us a totally different idea of the things we know best. -Paul Valry Once upon a time.., perhaps one of the single most famous phrases, the key that opens the door to a world of fantasy, enchantment and entertainment, the world of fairy tales. Fairy tales can mean different things to different people, each finds a different type of sanctuary within the realm of the make belief. Children may like fairy tales because good triumphs over evil; adults may favor them because they trigger childhood nostalgia; in the end, everything boils down to the fact that fairy tales were written to be enjoyed, and have become universally beloved. For my personal project, I decided to take Paul Valrys notion of psychologys objective to a universal level, by psychoanalyzing the effects of fairy tales. I chose psychology because its the field that I wish to pursue in post-secondary studies. The idea of fairy tales naturally sprung into mind after my initial choice to do a paper on psychology, as the notion of psychology and fairy tales was not completely inane, nor alien, and fairy tales are a substance with which the majority of the population has had relations. I decided to demonstrate, in depth, the hidden effects of fairy tales, to uncover a different perspective of this timeless method of amusement. After thorough research of Piagets developmental psychology, I concluded the best way to illustrate the alter ego of fairy tale repercussions was by outlining the fact that many of these mythical stories are correlated with psychological theories of behavioral conduct, and how they affect behavioral developments. Subsequently, I conducted a survey, of 75 adults and children, to establish the most popular of the worlds fairy tales, and from the results, researched various psychological theories and where they were applied in the five important fairy tales. This project was also ideal in respects to the areas of interaction, as it encompasses the principles of Homo Faber, Health and Social Sciences, and Environment. Fairy tales, a manifestation of the human imagination, embraced the ideals of Homo Faber, as they are original and created by man. In respects to Environment, fairy tales constitute an aspect of a childs environment, as an environment is the external conditions or objects that influence the development of a person. Psychology is the science of mental health, and as it is the central theme of this project, the project directly falls into the category of Health and Social Sciences. INTRODUCTION Developmental psychology is the study of the human mind across the life span. Unlike other areas of psychologypersonality, cognitive, socialdevelopmental psychology is explicitly concerned with how the rules of human behavior change over time. All of the methods used in psychology can be, and are, applied to the study of development. These range from neurobiological studies of the brain's growth to studies of the effect of social context on a child's future behavior. There is currently no overarching theory of developmental psychology, but there are several approaches to which researchers more or less adhere. One useful way of categorizing these theoretical approaches is based on the way each theory passes the developmental trajectory. Some theories, called stage theories, divide the life span into qualitatively different segments. Jean Piaget introduced the most influential stage theory, in fact, the most influential theory in developmental psychology, in books and papers written in the 1920s and the decades after. Piaget suggested that children went through four stages of development through their childhood, during which qualitatively different rules applied to their behavior and growth. Although there were some similarities between the stages and some rules of behavior that applied throughout the life course, Piaget argued that the best way to understand development

Compensation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Compensation - Assignment Example One would suspect that individual performance-based compensation (as opposed to a group performance-based compensation scheme) would have adverse effects on teamwork among employees. However, the study found that that the scheme ran at the company had no adverse effects on teamwork. Performance-based compensation, if well implemented, may lead to increased job satisfaction among the employees of an organization(Ismail, Raffiuddin and Mohamad 83). A study conducted in seventeen GIATMARA centers in Malaysia came to this conclusion. The study was rolled out in two stages. In the first stage, five experienced employees including two supervisors and three support staff were interviewed in depth at the GIATMARA headquarters in Kuala Lumpur. In the second phase of the study, questionnaires were administered to GIATMARA employees. The researchers set out to investigate employee participation in determining their pay and the extent to which the employees perceived their pay as adequate. The study concluded that a well-executed performance-based pay system leads to job satisfaction. A well-implemented performance-based pay system has at least two features: the employees participate in them and consider their pay adequate. Employee participation is achieved by encouraging employees in various job groups to take part in the design and administration of compensation systems. There is some evidence, albeit less compelling, that performance-based compensation could lead to higher employee retention(Dee and Wyckoff 26), presumably because of the job satisfaction that employees derive from these schemes. This was the verdict of a 2013 study by the National Bureau of Economic Research. The study sought to investigate IMPACT, the rather controversial system used by the District of Columbia Public Schools to evaluate and compensate teachers. The system stands out in that it proposes

Building and constructions Communication systems Essay

Building and constructions Communication systems - Essay Example In the building, over 550 fibre optic data cables are running from the MDF which provides the ability to virtually access any room in the building. The fibre optic cable used in the building is half lucent laser-speed multimode fibre and half lucent single-mode fibre. In the building more than 45,000 meters of fibre optic cable used. This cabling enables each computer to have a 10,000 megabit per second (10Gigabit) connection speed. In the building, there are approximately 450 telephone lines that end into the MDF telephone cubes, with about 60 kilometres of lucent Giga-speed cables.Telstra, the main telephone service provider in Australia also handles the telephone services for the interpro building and the VOIP is not implemented yet. The computer network in the interpro building is based on 540 desktop computers. The network also gives wireless access to interpro network via three wireless routers distributed in each floor of the building. These wireless routers give access to more than 800 wireless devices such as PDAs, laptops or cell phones. Computers are originally in the network but they can also be unplugged if necessary. Wireless routers have an adapter which allows a cable from the LAN to be plugged in. There are also several output ports for cables which can be connected to the rest of the LAN. Each of these wireless routers support 255 wireless devices and has a unique security setting to prevent the damage to the whole building network if a hacker entered the LAN through a wireless router. All access points are equipped with firewall software that controls the flow of data. There is also a monitoring system that shows the status of the network for each floor. The interpro company's building has three floors and each floor uses a separate LAN for security issues. These LANS are connected to each other and they form a small WAN. The whole network is based on cable LAN and wireless LAN. The building has three servers which all the data for each floor is passed by. There are 400 hub-switch provided links in the LANs and as stated before, there are three wireless routers which provide the wireless access for wireless devices both to the building network and the Internet. At the first floor, there is a main server room which has a cavity for cable runs. Each floor at the company has a star topology and all the devices are connected to the main server. Each server on each floor has a bus topology to access two other servers at other floors and the main DSL cable which enters to the building connects to the bus network after the data enters through a firewall. References Interpro, company overview, viewed on November 22, 2007.

The Roots of His Lingering Indecision Essay Example for Free

The Roots of His Lingering Indecision Essay If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart, Absent thee from felicity awhile, And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain, To tell my story. (V. 2. 289-292) The tragedy of Hamlet does not only reveal Shakespeare’s remarkable skill as a playwright but it serves as a commentary of how he proclaims the complexity of the human mind. And even in the subject of death, he succeeds in conveying death as not just an element of tragedy, but as a showcase of complex emotions of the bereaved. In Hamlet, the â€Å"outward form† that consists of the thesis of ghostly malevolence and the use of irony in the dramatic integrity of which could not be sacrificed to preconceived Hamlet’s personality patterns and motifs (Wilson-Knight, 1963). Hamlet’s unpredictable character and ambivalent behavior compel its readers to contemplate much about the heros sanity. His personality, during the course of the play, leads us to believe that Hamlet only feigned his madness. Hamlet is a man disgusted with the repulsiveness of life around him and is obligated to set things straight. Under the guise of madness he attempts to fulfill revenge, yet the discussion does not stop there. Did Hamlet really succeed in being a good actor that he fooled everyone into believing in his madness or was he truly mad? Why did he wait so long to carry out his revenge? Did Hamlet pondered too much and this drove him to an insanity that was indeed real? In Act 2 Scene 2, we could read Hamlet speaking to himself. He wishes that he were able to act like the actor who performed the speech for him. Indecision has subdued Hamlet in forgoing the revenge the murder of his father on Claudius or keeping silent due to uncertainty about whether Claudius really killed his father. This is why he decides to try and make the players enact the murder scene as it was described to him by the ghost of his father. Hamlet is hoping that Claudius, when he sees the scene, will reveal himself as the true murderer of King Hamlet: I have heard that guilty creatures sitting at a play / Have by the very cunning of the scene / Been struck so to the soul that presently / The have proclaimed their malefactions (II. 2. 566-569). By watching Claudius when the actors perform this scene, Hamlet expects to discover whether the ghost told him the truth. Shakespeare creates such a vague situation which makes this character more intriguing. As a result of the ambiguity given throughout this play, many might argue for or against the idea that Hamlets antic disposition put on as a facade to mislead the royal family. This pales in contrast with the disposition of Hamlets lunatic mind. In other words, Hamlet might in fact really suffered insanity. Proof could be derived from Hamlets erratic mood changes, careless slaughter of those not directly involved in the murder of his father and his dealings with the ghost of his father. Many critics believe that Hamlet faked his insanity to conceal his real feelings and to divert attention from his task of revenge. Other critics assert that Hamlet hopes that Claudius, thinking him mad, will lower his guard and reveal his guilt in Hamlets presence. With his troubled life, Hamlet embraces the fools, Claudius, Gertrude, Polonius, Ophelia and the ghost, and the mirror in which they all are reflected in Hamlet’s consciousness. The play exhibited the â€Å"fine intensification and enlargement of the theme of death; and in end the images which make dramatization possible are significant (Wilson-Knight, 1963). Due to his turbulent emotions which result from his indecision on how to respond to his fathers murder, he then thrived in isolation from society. Ill wipe away all trivial fond records, All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past And thy commandment all alone shall live Within the book and volume of my brain, Unmixed with baser matter. (I. 5. 99-104) A tragic hero, Hamlet largely determines his own fate, similar to Sophocles’ Oedipus and Shakespeare’s own King Lear. An extraordinarily complex young man—intuitive, accomplished, sensitive, noble, philosophic and reckless, Hamlet is a larger-than-life character. Thus, his tragedy rooted from these ill-defined â€Å"excesses† of personality. Hamlet’s emotional side is obviously evident from the beginning: At the plays opening he is portrayed to be consumed by anguish and shock even before he sees the ghost. In his first soliloquy, he even expressed the wish that suicide was acceptable. Also, Wilson-Knight (1963) averred that by establishing a dominant motif of disease and corruption and skillfully developing it through a series of carefully chosen interlaces, always present in moments of dramatic and moral tension, he enhances the genre and provides a structure suggesting macrocosmic and microcosmic horror. How the ghost contributes to irony implicit in that analogy must be investigating by first dialectically proving malevolence. A deeper understanding of the conflicts that hound the character of Hamlet and his turbulent emotions exemplifies the complex reactions of humans towards the issue of death. The approach taken by Shakespeare in Hamlet has generated countless different interpretations of death, but it is through Hamlets struggle to confront his internal dilemma that he himself dies at the end, fulfilling his duty as a son and his duty to society, by purging the corrupt from the monarchy and avenging his father’s death. However, we all know that death is never the end, it is only the beginning. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. In Kirszner Mandell (ed. ), Portable Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing, 5th ed. , Boston: Thomson/Wadsworth Publishers, 2003, p. 722-827. Wilson Knight, G. The Wheel of Fire. New York: Meridian Books, 1963.

Media Violence and The Effects on Children Essays -- essays research p

Does media violence have a negative effect on children? On September 11th, 2001, millions around the world crowded around televisions across the globe, watching the horrific scenes of terrorism that had struck New York City, Washington, D.C and Pennsylvania on that ill-fated and now infamous morning. Our sense of security and impenetrable protection crashed 110 stories to the shaken streets of New York City. We watched with shock and horror, disbelief and grief as the images were repeatedly flashed before our eyes, with the all the drama of the plane crashing through the World Trade Center and bursting into an indescribable ball of fire and of the surreal scenes of demolished piles of what used to be the Twin Towers of New York City. We witnessed desperate pleas for help from family members of missing victims. We were shown images of the wounded victims and of the unimaginable destruction in the streets of New York. Our expeditious system of mass media provided us with an immediate window to this dramatic and unprecedented tragedy. We were not alone as we stood looking through this window to the trauma and terrorism enveloping us. As we looked on with fear and horror, so did children. As we watched the 24-hour coverage of the events unfolding, so did children. Every major station broadcast continuous coverage of the "attack on America" for days following the tragedy. While networks provided live coverage, personal interviews and professional analysis, cable stations flashed messages of condolence and sympathy across the bottom of the screen during regular programming, as a constant reminder and acknowledgement of tragedy that had shaken us to our knees. If we as adults were so affected by the trauma of the events, then what can be said for the children who witnessed these same images of horror and terrorism? How, with such an undeveloped capacity to understand the world and the proximity of danger, can we say that children were not affected by the violence of this tragedy? In a time when adults cannot fully understand the context of the violence in our world, how can children possibly be expected to make sense of it? They cannot. Living in a culture and time where violence permeates countless aspects of society in both fiction and reality; visual, verbal, implied and overt; and given the prevalence and pervasiveness of the violence surrounding us,... ...fficult to avoid the influence of media violence. For impressionable children who are constantly shaping and reevaluating the world around them, media violence plays a role in the formation of their negative perceptions of society and their surrounding environment. They are affected by the frequent influence of violent depictions in the same way that they are influenced to want a toy because of the commercial that promotes it. It is the degree and severity of this effect that remains open for heated debate in the arena of social policy and public interest. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Anonymous. (1999). Get Real. Broadcasting and Cable, 62, 129. CNN. Bethesda, MD. 12, Sept. 2001. 2. Cutler, Maggie. (2001). Whodunit-The Media? The Nation, 18-20, 272. 3. Hepburn, Mary. (1997). T.V. Violence! A medium's effects under scrutiny. Social Education, 244-249, 61. 4. Mifflin, Lawrie. (1999). Many Researchers Say Link is Already Clear on Media Violence and Youth Violence. The New York Times, 27, 03624331. 5. Mitchell, Dr. Jeffrey. "Children need 'reassurance' in the face of tragedy." Interview 6. Posch, Robert J Jr. (1993). What you do emerges from who you are. Direct Marketing, 43, 56.

Comparative Essy

Ferdowsi Tus' Hakim Abul-Qasim Ferdowsi is a well-known Persian poet who lived a life that will forever be told as a heroic tale. Ferdowsi created one of the most significant literary works of Iran called the Shahnameh. By generating this national epic, Ferdowsi displayed great knowledge of the ancient legends of Persia and has passed down these historic stories to modern Persians today. Ferdowsi (940- 1020Ad) was born in Tus, a small town in North Eastern Iran, into a amily of landowners.Due to the fact that they were wealthy enough to be independent, he was expected to peruse extensive goals and high successes. However, he chose to do what he loved and perused writing poetry. He was married to a musician and has a son, who died at the age of thirty-seven, and a daughter who helped him though the tragic loss. Ferdowsi began to write his masterpiece at about the age of forty, by collecting a millennium of old oral traditions of the Iranian lateau, into heroic verses.The Shahnameh, al so known as â€Å"The Book of Kings†, is the most seminal of literary Persian works in the tenth century. Containing over fifty- thousand verses, which is arguably the longest poem written by a single poet, The Shahnameh narrates the history of Persia from its creation, through to the Arab invasion, and is structured according to the mythical and historical reign of fifty Persian Kings. Mainly, one of the Epic's most significant themes is the nature of ingship, where Ferdowsi emphasises the divine approval of Iran's rulers, including God's will over other countries.The Epic also highlights the malicious nature of the universe, and ones destiny. Through the actions of the heroes, it inspects the immorality of righteous actions. This epic allows readers to visualize the issues that took place in Persia and informs them of Persian culture before it was changed into something different. In addition, the Shahnameh plays a crucial role in shaping the literary state, both poetic and historical

Poverty in Latin America Essay

This paper will discuss the poverty in Latin America. Latin America has always been in poverty and although there have been some ups and downs, the poverty level remains great. First, we will discuss the region that is known as Latin America, the determining factors of poverty, the statistics and history of the poverty in Latin America and the future of the poverty in Latin America. Latin America refers to the areas of America in which the Spanish or Portuguese languages prevail. These areas include Mexico, most of Central and South America, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Brazil. Latin America can be subdivided into different regions, such as North America, South America, Central America and the Caribbean. (Wikipedia, Retrieved 2010). Latin America consists of many different ethnic backgrounds and races. It is one of the most diverse regions in the world. Some of the predominant races/backgrounds include European-Amerindians (Mestizo), Amerindians, European, Mulatto, Black, Asian and Zambo (mixed Black and Amerindian). Latin America continues to be challenged by inequality and poverty. Poverty is defined as, â€Å"the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. † (Merriam-Webster, Retrieved 2010). According to the World Bank, nearly 25% of the population of Latin America lives on less than $2. 00 a day. At least 182 million people are living in poverty in Latin America and at least 68 million people are living in extreme poverty. Poverty is defined as living on less than $2. 15 per person per day and extreme poverty as living on less than $1. 08 per person per day. â€Å"The poverty rate in Latin America was halved from 60% in 1950 to less than 30% in 2000. However, during the same time period income inequality remained more or less the same, making both poverty reduction and economic growth more difficult; as in other countries with a wide income gap—even developed ones—the challenge is to increase the incomes of the lower economic groups at a faster rate than those of the wealthier groups. In reality, economic growth rarely works this way. Latin American income inequality is drastic: the average annual per capita income is $4,000, but the region is home to many millionaires and billionaires. The fourth richest person in the world, Carlos Slim, whose worth was estimated at $23. 8 billion in 2005, is Mexican. † (Poverty in the Developing World, Retrieved 2010). Articles state, however, that these numbers are deceiving in that rising above the official poverty rate by a few cents or even a dollar does not mean you are any better off. People in this situation are still impoverished and are living in a way that they are unable to provide for themselves much less their family, if any. Certain areas in Latin America are worse than others. Bolivia has the highest poverty and inequality rate. Haiti is just behind Bolivia. Following Haiti are Colombia, Paraguay, Brazil, Panama, Nicaragua, Uruguay and Mexico. Many of these countries have responded to poverty by implementing new or modifying old social assistance programs. Social assistance programs are programs developed to assist the poor. The main aspects of the current social assistance programs are (1) conditional cash transfer, which is where cash is transferred directly into the household based on certain conditions, such as children attending school and doctor visits; (2) the household; (3) targeting the poorest; and (4) being multidimensional in that they are able to assist many dimensions of poverty at once. The future of Latin America is vague and unknown. Latin America has consistently been impoverished but the percentage fluctuates. Many programs are available to the public in order to help Latin America and the people thereof. I believe the people themselves and the entire dynamic of Latin America will need to change before the poverty levels change significantly. Donations and charities may help but they will only scratch the surface. The issues of Latin America are deep and need to be dug up and dealt with by the people of Latin America. In conclusion, we see that this is a current problem that is steadily being addressed and researched. Latin America needs help and resources in order to come out of poverty. They also must make changes within their own system so that the help can be well received and utilized to the fullest.

How to Get Into Your Top-Choice College Infographic

How to Get Into Your Top-Choice College Infographic SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Applying to colleges can be a long and difficult process. You have to fill out a bunch of applications, write long essays, get letters of recommendation, and so many other things. It's almost impossible to keep track of everything. That's why we've put together this handy infographic full of helpful tips and pointers. Find out just how difficult it is to apply to colleges, where you should focus your attention, and learn how to avoid the most common mistakes. We want to give you the best shot at getting accepted to you top-choice colleges, so continue reading and get a jump start on your application! Share this Image On Your Site pstrongPlease include attribution to prepscholar.com with this graphic./strongbr /br /a href='http://blog.prepscholar.com/how-to-get-into-your-top-choice-college-infographic'img src='http://blog.prepscholar.com/hubfs/Infographic-Get-Into-College.png' alt='How to Get Into Your Top College' width='600px' border='0' //a/p Other Topics You May Be Interested In: Easiest Colleges to Get Into Which Colleges Require the SAT II? The SAT is an important part of college admissions. To find out more about the SAT and how to do well:

Best Character Analysis Tom Buchanan - The Great Gatsby

Best Character Analysis Tom Buchanan - The Great Gatsby SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Tom Buchanan – hulking, hyper-masculine, aggressive, and super-rich – is The Great Gatsby’s chief representative of old money, and (in a book with many unlikeable people) one of the book’s least sympathetic characters. He is Gatsby’s rival for Daisy’s love, but he is also caught up in an affair with Myrtle Wilson that proves fatal for many involved. So what’s important to understand about Tom? What are his motivations? Is there anything sympathetic about him at all? Find out here! Article Roadmap Tom Buchanan as a character: Physical description Biographical backstory Actions in the novel Analysis of Tom Buchanan: Quotes about or by Tom Frequent essay topics and discussion questions FAQ answering common student questions about Tom Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. Tom Buchanan's Physical Description He had changed since his New Haven years. Now he was a sturdy, straw haired man of thirty with a rather hard mouth and a supercilious manner. Two shining, arrogant eyes had established dominance over his face and gave him the appearance of always leaning aggressively forward. Not even the effeminate swank of his riding clothes could hide the enormous power of that body- he seemed to fill those glistening boots until he strained the top lacing and you could see a great pack of muscle shifting when his shoulder moved under his thin coat. It was a body capable of enormous leverage- a cruel body. (1.19) Tom is established from the outset as masculine, aggressive, and, most importantly, dangerous. We also get a much more complete physical description of him than we ever get of Gatsby or Nick, which leaves little room to ever see Tom in a different, more sympathetic light – and in fact, all subsequent descriptions continue to show Tom as masculine, aggressive, and strong. Tom's Backstory Tom Buchanan is born into money, so along with Daisy, he is the book’s chief representation of old money, and what it means and looks like to be a member of that class. He attends Yale University, where he meets Nick, plays on the football team, and makes a few enemies: â€Å"there were men at New Haven that hated his guts† (1.20). A few years after, he marries Daisy, a wealthy heiress from Louisville. Daisy’s very much in love with him at first.But just after their South Seas honeymoon is over, he cheats on her with a maid at the Santa Barbara hotel they’re staying at, beginning a pattern of infidelity that we see continued in the novel (4.143). The two move around, spending time in Chicago and even abroad in France, â€Å"wherever people played polo and were rich together† (1.17). They have a daughter, Pammy, but Tom seems distant from her – after Daisy wakes up after giving birth, he’s â€Å"god knows where† (1.8) – in fact we never see Tom and Pammy in the same room in the novel. The family moves to New York, and Tom begins having an affair with Myrtle Wilson shortly afterwards. You can see how Tom's biography intersects with the backstories of the novel's other characters in ourGreat Gatsbytimeline. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Summary of Action in the Novel In Chapter 1, Daisy Buchanan invites her cousin Nick Carraway to dinner at the Buchanans’ house. Nick is an old classmate of Tom’s who just moved to New York. Daisy and Nick take a private walk where Daisy confesses some of her unhappiness to Nick, but Tom cautions Nick not to believe everything Daisy says. In Chapter 2, Tom takes Nick with him to see Myrtle, his mistress. They meet up in Queens and then later in Manhattan, and have a party at the apartment Tom keeps for Myrtle. As the evening draws to a close, Tom punches Myrtle in the face and breaks her nose. In Chapter 6, Tom attends one of Gatsby’s parties with Daisy, and immediately becomes suspicious of Gatsby’s wealth and his wife’s relationship with him, and asks a friend to investigate him. In Chapter 7, Gatsby comes over for lunch at the Buchanans’ house, along with Nick and Jordan. The group ends up going to Manhattan at Daisy’s suggestion. Tom notices the way Daisy looks at Gatsby and realizes they are having an affair. But during the climactic confrontation in a Manhattan hotel, when Gatsby tries to get Daisy to admit she never loved Tom, Daisy can’t. Tom reveals that Gatsby is a bootlegger and promises to treat Daisy better. After this confrontation, Tom lets Gatsby and Daisy drivebackto West Egg alonetogether. This is a show of power: Tom is saying he has nothing to fear from Gatsby and knows that Daisy will never leave him. On that drive back, Daisy fatally hits Myrtle. Tom stops at the scene afterward, finds out Gatsby’s yellow car hit Myrtle, assumes it was Gatsby, and sobs on the drive back to East Egg. In Chapter 8, in the aftermath of Myrtle's murder, Tomand Daisy remain together and quickly leave New York, George Wilson shoots Gatsby and then himself, leaving Nick to grapple with Gatsby’s death alone. In Chapter 9, Tom runs into Nick outside of a jewelry store and confesses to Nick that he insinuated to George that Gatsby was both his wife’s killer and her lover, sparking the murder. Tom's preferred ratio of men to women. Tom Buchanan Quotes â€Å"[Tom], among various physical accomplishments, had been one of the most powerful ends that ever played football at New Haven- a national figure in a way, one of those men who reach such an acute limited excellence at twenty-one that everything afterward savors of anti-climax.† (1.16) Tom is established early on as restless and bored, with the threat of physical aggression lurking behind that restlessness. With his glory days on the Yale football team well behind him, he seems to constantly be searching for – and failing to find – the excitement of a college football game. Perhaps Tom, like Gatsby, is also trying, and failing, to repeat the past in his own way. "Well, it's a fine book, and everybody ought to read it. The idea is if we don't look out the white race will be- will be utterly submerged. It's all scientific stuff; it's been proved." (1.78) In Chapter 1, we learn Tom has been reading â€Å"profound† books lately, including racist ones that claim the white race is superior to all others and has to maintain control over society. This speaks to Tom’s insecurity – even as someone born into incredible money and privilege, there’s a fear it could be taken away by social climbers. That insecurity only translates into even more overt shows of his power - flaunting his relationship with Myrtle, revealing Gatsby as a bootlegger, and manipulating George tokill Gatsby – thus completely freeing the Buchanansfrom any consequences from the murders. "Don't believe everything you hear, Nick," he advised me. (1.143) Early in the book, Tom advises Nick not to believe rumors and gossip, but specifically what Daisy has been telling him about their marriage. Nick certainly is wary of most people he meets, and, indeed, he sees through Daisy in Chapter 1 when he observes she has no intentions of leaving Tom despite her complaints: â€Å"Their interest rather touched me and made them less remotely rich- nevertheless, I was confused and a little disgusted as I drove away. It seemed to me that the thing for Daisy to do was to rush out of the house, child in arms- but apparently there were no such intentions in her head† (1.150). But as the book goes on, Nick drops some of his earlier skepticism as he comes to learn more about Gatsby and his life story, coming to admire him despite his status as a bootlegger and criminal. This leaves us with an image of Tom as cynical and suspicious in comparison to the optimistic Gatsby – but perhaps also more clear-eyed than Nick is by the end of the novel. "And what's more, I love Daisy too. Once in a while I go off on a spree and make a fool of myself, but I always come back, and in my heart I love her all the time." (7.251-252) After seeing Tom’s liaisons with Myrtle and his generally boorish behavior, this claim to loving Daisy comes off as fake at best and manipulative at worst (especially since a spree is a euphemism for an affair!). We also see Tom grossly underreporting his bad behavior (we have seen one of his â€Å"sprees† and it involved violently breaking Myrtle’s nose after sleeping with her while Nick was in the next room) and either not realizing or ignoring how damaging his actions can be to others. He is explicit about his misbehavior and doesn’t seem sorry at all – he feels like his â€Å"sprees† don’t matter as long as he comes back to Daisy after they’re over. In short, this quote captures how the reader comes to understand Tom late in the novel – as a selfish rich man who breaks things and leaves others to clean up his mess. "I found out what your 'drug-stores' were." He turned to us and spoke rapidly. "He and this Wolfsheim bought up a lot of side-street drug-stores here and in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over the counter. That's one of his little stunts. I picked him for a bootlegger the first time I saw him, and I wasn't far wrong." (7.284) Again, Tom’s jealousy and anxiety about class are revealed. Though e immediately pegs Gatsby for a bootlegger rather than someone who inherited his money, Tomstill makes a point of doing an investigation to figure out exactly where the money came from. This shows that he does feel a bit threatened by Gatsby, and wants to be sure he thoroughly knocks him down. But at the same time, he’s the only one in the room who sees Gatsby for who he actually is. This is also a moment where you, as a reader, can really see how clouded Nick’s judgment of Gatsby has become. "You two start on home, Daisy," said Tom. "In Mr. Gatsby's car." She looked at Tom, alarmed now, but he insisted with magnanimous scorn. "Go on. He won't annoy you. I think he realizes that his presumptuous little flirtation is over." (7.296-298) A common question students have after reading Gatsby for the first time is this: why does Tom let Daisy and Gatsby ride back together? If he’s so protective and jealous of Daisy, wouldn’t he insist she come with him? The answer is that he is demonstrating his power over both Daisy and Gatsby – he’s no longer scared that Daisy will leave him for Gatsby, and he’s basically rubbing that in Gatsby’s face. He’s saying that he doesn’t even fear leaving them alone together, because he knows that nothing Gatsby says or does would convince Daisy to leave him. It’s a subtle but crucial show of power – and of course ends up being a fatal choice. â€Å"What if I did tell him? That fellow had it coming to him. He threw dust into your eyes just like he did in Daisy's but he was a tough one. He ran over Myrtle like you'd run over a dog and never even stopped his car." (9.143) One of Tom’s last lines in the novel, he coldly tells Nick that Gatsby was fooling both him and Daisy. Of course, since we know that Gatsby didn't actually run over Daisy, we can read this line in one of threeways: MaybeDaisy never actually admitted to Tom that she was the one driving the car that night, so he still has no idea that his wife killed his mistress. Or maybe the way Tom has made peace with what happened is by convincing himself that even if Daisy was technically driving, Gatsby is to blame for Myrtle's death anyway. Or maybe Tom is still scared of speaking the truth about Daisy's involvement to anyone, including Nick, on the off chance that the police will reopen the case with new evidence. Depending on your interpretation, you can use this line as evidence if you’re arguing for a darker, more selfish version of Gatsby’s character. What level of bad guy is Tom, exactly? Depends on how you read his last confession to Nick. Common Essay Topics/ Areas of Discussion Since Tom himself isn’t a hero (or, on the flip side, a straightforward antagonist) of the novel, most essays about Tom involve comparing him to other characters – often Gatsby but sometimes George. Sometimes you have to do this from a higher level, and sometimes you have to do more in-depth character analysis. To see adetailedguide to a compare/contrast essay between these characters, read our article on the most commonly assigned compare/contrast character pairs. Either way, make sure to read Chapters 1, 2, 6, and 7 for Tom’s most important moments, and don’t neglect your analysis of the other characters. Read on for the most common discussion topics about Tom! Discuss Tom and Daisy (Old Money)vs. Gatsby (New Money) In this prompt, you would first find examples in the text that clearly illustrate Tom and Daisy as old money and Gatsby as new money. Yes, the Buchanans and Gatsby both live in mansions, they all have vast amounts of money at their disposal, and they all variously engage in bad behavior (affairs, drinking, crime), but their differences end up looming much larger than these similarities. Taste and Appearance. One place to start is to examine their dress, homes, and parties. Tom and Daisy dress luxuriously but without indulging in the very latest fashions or wild styles (note Tom’s riding clothes and Daisy’s white dress), while Gatsby wears a pink suit during the crucial scene in the Plaza Hotel in Chapter 7. And while Tom and Daisy have a mansion, it’s described as fashionable and white, with muted wine-colored carpet and white curtains, while Gatsby’s is a copy of a palace in France, and seen as over-large and garish. Finally, while Tom and Daisy host quiet dinner parties, Gatsby is notorious for his packed, lavish, and raucous blow-out bashes. Perception by Others. Also in Chapter 6, it's notable that Tom is immediately suspicious of Gatsby and doesn’t see him as worthy of their crowd during the encounter with the Sloanes,while Daisy is horrified by Gatsby's vulgar parties. Not only do their class differences become apparent to the reader through their dress, homes, and parties, but also Tom and Daisy are very aware of these differences in status, while Gatsby consistently misreads social clues. Displays of Power. Finally, the pecking order becomes painfully clear during the encounter in the hotel. Gatsby puts everything on the line and asks Daisy to confess that she never loved Tom. But not only can she not do that, she ends up admitting she did in fact once love Tom very much, so that Tom leaves the encounter secure in his marriage. Once you’ve fleshed out examples of how Tom and Daisy exemplify old money while Gatsby exemplifies new money, you could make a larger argument about one of the book’s major themes: the rigidity of society and class in 1920s Americaor the hollowness of the American Dream. Discuss Tom and Daisy as Reckless and CarelessPeople This prompt relies on this famous quote: They were careless people, Tom and Daisy- they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made. . . .(9.146) Physical Recklessness.There are many examples of Tom and Daisy acting reckless, and of the fact thatthey are protected from the consequences of their actions by their money. Of course, while you can go for the biggest event, Daisy hitting Myrtle in Gatsby’s car, you should also find some smaller examples can help build your argument: Tom's mid-honeymoon car accident, when he "ran into a wagon on the Ventura road one night and ripped a front wheel off his car. The girl who was with him got into the papers too because her arm was broken"(4.143). the moment Tom breaks Myrtle’s nose in Chapter 2 In all threecases, there areapparently zero consequences for this behavior. After the honeymoon, Tom's marriage stays intact, and hegets to gooff to France. His affair with Myrtle continues even after the violence. And after Daisy kills Myrtle, the couple just skips town and doesn't even show up in the official police record of the accident. Emotional Recklessness.The pair are just as cavalier with each other's emotions as they are with everyone else's. Tom starts cheating on Daisy early on in their marriage (on their honeymoon!), assumingthat because she is soweak and passive, Daisy won't leave him.Meanwhile, Daisy enters into the affair with Gatsby, dismissing Tom and her marriage in a blasà © way. With these examples (along with other examples you can find!) fleshed out, you can start thinking about an overall argument or point to make. Here are just a few ideas: Tom and Daisy’s money protects them from consequences in a way the working class cannot be protected. Moral decay in America comes from the top down (with the hardworking George Wilson, who’s at the bottom of the social heap, the most hurt). Tom and Daisy’s behavior illustrates the emptiness of the American Dream. Tom and Daisy: never afraid to break eggs to make their selfishness omelet. FAQ Here are answers to some common student questions about Tom and his place inThe Great Gatsby. What’s up with Tom’s affair with Myrtle? Does he love her more than Daisy? Tom may enjoy spending time with Myrtle, but he would never divorce Daisy to marry her – she’s just the latest in a series of mistresses he has had since the beginning of his marriage. Tom and Daisy come from the same social class, and they both need each other to remain part of that group. In contrast, Myrtle is from a less-wealthy background, and would never truly fit into Tom Buchanan’s circles. So while Tom is pretty brazen about showing Myrtle off in restaurants and not hiding his affair with any real effort, for him the relationship is more about power – power over Myrtle, over George, and over Daisy – than about love. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. So does Daisy love Tom? Does Tom love Daisy? A lot of students wonder about Daisy and Tom’s marriage. Since we learn that Daisy was still in love with Gatsby right before going through with her marriage to Tom, and we see Tom engaging in affairs, it makes sense that we would wonder whether Tom and Daisy like each other at all. Well, first of all, it seems clear that, at least in the early days of their marriage, they were in love: "I never loved [Tom]," [Daisy] said, with perceptible reluctance. "Not at Kapiolani?" demanded Tom suddenly..."Not that day I carried you down from the Punch Bowl to keep your shoes dry?" There was a husky tenderness in his tone. ". . . Daisy?" "Please don't." Her voice was cold, but the rancour was gone from it. She looked at Gatsby. "There, Jay," she said- but her hand as she tried to light a cigarette was trembling. Suddenly she threw the cigarette and the burning match on the carpet. "Oh, you want too much!" she cried to Gatsby. "I love you now- isn't that enough? I can't help what's past." She began to sob helplessly. "I did love him once- but I loved you too." (7.258-264) Tom brings up happy memories from early in the marriage, and for once, his voice has a â€Å"husky tenderness,† which causes Daisy’s voice to lose the cold tone it had when she said she never loved him. She then breaks down and admits that she loved Tom. However, the fact that Tom is clinging to old memories, and Daisy uses the past tense – â€Å"I loved him once† – suggests that Tom and Daisy aren’t exactly head-over-heels for each other anymore. But our last scene that shows Tom and Daisy together suggests that that doesn’t matter. Even if they’re not in love, their relationship is stable, and neither has any interest in leaving the other: Daisy and Tom were sitting opposite each other at the kitchen table with a plate of cold fried chicken between them and two bottles of ale. He was talking intently across the table at her and in his earnestness his hand had fallen upon and covered her own. Once in a while she looked up at him and nodded in agreement. They weren't happy, and neither of them had touched the chicken or the ale- and yet they weren't unhappy either. There was an unmistakable air of natural intimacy about the picture and anybody would have said that they were conspiring together. (7.409-410) What does Tom’s racism have to do with anything? As we discuss above, Nick makes a point of showing Tom to be a racist, a believer in the pure white face’s need to subjugate everyone else in the world. But why does this come up at all? Is it just another unflattering detail about Tom? Tom’s racism is a reflection of his slight insecurities and his need to continually reassert his money and status. Even with all of his money and privilege, hestill has a slight fear that his place isn’t assured. That fear comes out in small moments in the novel – when George says he’s taking Myrtle out west and when Daisy briefly threatens to leave him. This is why we see Tom constantly swaggering and asserting his status. What’s Next? If you’re writing about Tom, it can be helpful to take a close look at the beginning of the novel, specifically, Chapter 1and Chapter 2. In these chapters, you both see Tom both in his high-class, old money home, and engaging in a â€Å"spree† with Myrtle. Make sure to close read and annotate both chapters! Tom is a major player in not just one but two of the novel’s major relationships. Read more about love, sex, and desire in The Great Gatsbyin our detailed article. Check out our analyses of all the other characters in the novel and learn how to compare and contrast Tom to other characters. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Global Management Information systems coursework Essay

Global Management Information systems coursework - Essay Example The functional task produces and installs technology inside the organisation, which then facilitates in attaining the potential of computerizing business procedures within managerial activities (Laudon & Laudon, 2009, p. 192). The exploitation of an IT infrastructure is a requisite for this function and supports in choosing a business approach. In the same time, the aggressive function concentrates on competence by rising IS traits’ means of getting new bases of competitive gain within the market by installing new IS functions. This role has a major effect on organisational alteration and sustains an organisation’s aptitude to boost its IS potential (Bharati et al, 2010, p. 213). IS strategic planning aspects can be classified in various methods with respect to IS incorporation within business. The majority of configuration models are consisted of two aspects, â€Å"namely ‘fit’, which considers both the external and internal environments of an organisatio n, and ‘linkage’, which is the business-IS alignment† (Oz, 2008, p. 76). In addition, strategic IS planning (SISP) efficiency have five aspects, together with (1) configuration, (2) testing, (3) collaboration, (4) enhancement of potential, and (5) involvement. Nonetheless, these aspects of SISP efficiency are then controlled by â€Å"six process dimensions of SISP† (Hirsschheim et al, 2009, p. 222), - by (1) completeness, (2) formalisation, (3) concentration, (4) flow, (5) contribution, and (6) steadiness. A 3-phase model can be applied to assess these aspects in addition to their efficiency. This model has three phases: (1) introductory, (2) growing, and (3) established (Stair & Reynolds, 2011, p. 199). It has been debated that equilibrium should be present amid consistency and flexibility to authorize the procedure to be successful in controlling the organisation during the interim period while, at the same time, developing upcoming technology as well as markets. Each one of these tasks as well as aspects of IS decision makers in knowing the use of IS in the organisation and in finding out IS advantages. Keeping this in consideration, this effort considers the flexibility of applying strategic gains of global IS during IS strategic planning to create a classification for assessment as well as knowledge of these advantages. This classification may as well be utilized as a device to support the planning group during the IS planning procedure (Tan, 2002, p. 43). As a growing number of organizations increase their functions into global markets, with the intention of accomplish something, they should to be aware of the substantial civilizing, fiscal, as well as political variety that is present within different regions around the globe. For these reasons, despite the fact that IT is a significant facilitator and, on several occasions, a driver of international business growth, it cannot be applied homogeneously all over the world. In the last couple of years, the world has observed an extraordinary growth of commerce within international markets. Initially imagined by McLuhan (1964), the thought of a ‘global village’, has become a reality at last. At the same time, there is awareness that IT has a vital part in the â€Å"race towards globalization† (Avgerou, 2003, p. 99). IT has been a decisive facilitator of globalization in the majority of instances and an initiator in a number of cases. Now, transnational

Why are gas prices inflated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words

Why are gas prices inflated - Essay Example However following the slowdown in the Asian economy in the late 90’s there was a sharp fall in price when the barrel came down to 10 dollars. This was also because there was abundance of supply since oil from Iraq had started entering world markets after the Gulf War. (Michael Cohen, 2006) Thereafter the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) managed to restrict the production levels so as to recover the crude oil prices. Since then the prices have soared and have reached levels where the barrel now costs 150 dollars. OPEC is group of 13 countries namely, Algeria, Equador, Angola, Indonesia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela and the United Arab Emirates. (Daniel McDonald et al, October 2005 a. Background There have many instances over the past century when oil prices have suddenly gone on upward trend. Most notable among these were the oil increases in 1974, in 1979 and then after the 90’s which was the period after the Gul f war. In a historical perspective the patterns of oil consumptions over the past twenty years have been plotted on the graph. (Ray Barrell and Olga Pomerantz, Dec 2004) Most developed countries depend on oil for their economic stability. Data shows that 40% of OECD energy needs were satisfied by oil while for the non-OECD it was 28%. Japan needs close to 50% of its energy needs to be supplemented by oil. However China despite its booming economy shows a requirement of 20-30% of oil for its energy needs. It has been noted that North America and Europe require 40% of oil to cover their energy requirements. (Ray Barrell and Olga Pomerantz, Dec 2004) South American economies on the other hand have quite a booming and robust vehicle industry which has called for large consumption of oil. Other European countries like Czechoslovakia met 50% of its energy requirements by the use of coal. Data tabulated over the last 30 years show that the consumption of petroleum products have risen from 57.4 million barrels per day in 1973 to 78.7 million barrels per day in 2003 which is jump by 40%. (Ray Barrell and Olga Pomerantz, Dec 2004) Figures have shown that over the last decade while demand for oil shrunk in Europe, the demand for oil in the OECD countries grew by 0.5% per annum on average till 1990. (Ray Barrell and Olga Pomerantz, Dec 2004) However in the other emerging economies like India and China the demand was robust. Latin American countries like Argentina continued to lag behind because of its huge debt crisis. The changes of production pattern in the European economies were also factors in the slight dip in demand. Production patterns were changed to market economies. While oil consumption showed reduction in Czech Republic and Hungary there was a 2% increase in Poland. After the Berlin wall collapsed, Germany and areas to its proximity underwent recession. Oil intensity is a term used to define the quantity of fuel needed to produce purchasing power outputs. (Ra y Barrell and Olga Pomerantz, Dec 2004) In the last twenty years the developed countries like UK, Germany, Italy and France have shown signs of reduced oil intensity. Countries like Portugal and Spain however showed rapid progress with indexes of higher oil intensity. The countries that were steady over the last decade included Sweden and Austria. Compared to the European markets the US markets performed better. US required less quarter of oil to generate a unit of output while the oil intensity of Canada fluctuated between high and low. Compared to the three biggest economies in Europe, US have the largest oil intensity. The oil intensity of Japan has been ascertained to be that between the European and the US levels. During the first

Impact of Uninsured Population Project PART TWO & FINAL Essay

Impact of Uninsured Population Project PART TWO & FINAL - Essay Example With more and more states, Texas included, passing laws making it illegal for immigrants here without papers to receive benefits, medical insurance becomes unavailable for these individuals and their families. Illegal immigrants coming into Texas are young and healthy workers, but as years pass, these workers have children, and grow older. This makes illegal immigrants have the same medical needs as average Americans. However, because of their illegal status, many of these individuals put off routine health care. Wolf (2008) suggests â€Å"For many illegal immigrants, the fear of deportation outweighs the pain of illness or injury, so they live with their afflictions rather than seeking help until their health problems become critical.† An example would by high blood pressure. Most Americans go to the doctor and are placed on medication. An illegal immigrant will live with high blood pressure until they have a heart attack or stroke. Wolf (2008) explains â€Å"Illegal immigrants can get emergency care through Medicaid, the federal-state program for the poor and people with disabilities. But they cant get non-emergency care unless they pay. They are ineligible for most other public benefits.† Since medical care is so high, many immigrants can only receive care through the emergency room. The organization that will be affected by the uninsured Texas illegal immigrants would be the taxpayers of Texas first and foremost, but then the emergency rooms around the state taking these individuals in. Money does not grow on trees. If the state of Texas runs out of money allotted for medical expenses for the uninsured, or with the new legislation passed making it illegal to give undocumented immigrants benefits, the hospitals take up the slack. Then hard choices must be made. Wolf (2008) states â€Å"The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston is considering denying cancer care to

Calorimetry Essay Example for Free

Calorimetry Essay The purpose of this experiment was to find the specific heat formation of magnesium oxide by combining the two heat reactants using Hess’s Law. The purpose was also to measure the delta T which was the final temperature minus the initial temperature of the solution. The claim made was, based on the expected heat formation value found in magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid, the experimental enthalpy was much closer to the expected value in comparison the magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid. The equations used in this experiment were 1. MG(s)+2HCl(aq)= MgCl2(aq)+ H2(g) 2. MgO(s)+2HCl(aq)=MgCl(aq)+H2O(l) 3. H2(g) +1/2O2(g)=H2O(l). We combined the listed equations we cancelled certain values using Hess’s Law to form magnesium oxide, Mg(s)+1/2O2(aq)=MgO(s). The experimental heat formation of magnesium oxide is -467.684 kJ/mol. Based on the results found, using the correlation coefficient (R2) and the maximum value of temperature final (which was found to be 70.934) we found the correlation between the trend lines (expected) to the experimental. Based on the data found this information supported our claim. There may have been several errors in the experiment one error may have been the lack of recording on time, meaning the stop watch was started later in the reaction. Another reason for error was the lack of taking the first trials measurement forcing us to estimate a mass which through off the results of the experiment in a whole. The final reason for error was not all of the magnesium oxide that was measured was experimented. These error sources listed above, may cause numerous problems for example the estimated mass for the first trial cause the results to skew, giving us a large error percentage of -21% if this trial was taken out the error percentage would be much lower. The stop watch did not start at the same time of the experiment which may cause an increase in the error percentage as well; due to this fault the temperature final would be much higher. The last error was the loss of product (magnesium oxide); this interfered with the experiment for the reason that based on what was expected (-601.24 kJ/mol) and what was experimented -141.990 kJ/mol was a much lower value.

The Strengths and Limitations of Electrical Muscle Stimulation :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Strengths and Limitations of Electrical Muscle Stimulation "Buy EMS, it'll burn calories and fat away." "One hour of EMS is equal to 300 to 400 sit-ups." "You can develop 19-22 inch arms!" They're new! They're hot! But do they work? You've seen them in the backs of magazines and on TV commercials- those advertisements form electronic fitness machines that tighten abdominals and give users huge biceps while watching TV or sleeping. These devices are based on electronic muscle stimulation. What exactly is EMS, what does it do, and, other than those muscle building, fat reducing claims, what are the current uses of electronic muscle stimulation. Electronic Muscle Stimulation (EMS) is a muscle exercise concept for use in one's own home. It is an established rehabilitative concept used for treating a variety of clinical problem involving the muscle skeletal, neuromuscular (relating to both nerve and muscle tissue) , genitourinary (relating to the genital and urinary organs) , and integumentary (administered by contact with the skin) systems(Leonard). The first recorded use of EMS for medical stimulation was recorded in 1783 (Creasey). This was used to restore respiration for people who had paralyzed/collapsed chest/lung muscles. After that, many Soviet and Eastern Olympic competitors used muscle stimulators to build and produce the same bulk in muscles that only steroids had promised. Now the system has finally reached the West. Once only available to doctors and therapists, EMS is now suggested for use by anyone participating in bodybuilding, power lifting, martial arts, boxing, or anyone simply wishing to achieve their optimal athletic ability. EMS is also recommended to athletes for warming up the muscles and increasing circulation prior to a workout routine (Schmidt). The Medical Advisory Committee has allowed the use of EMS systems by athletes since the 1972 Olympics (Muscle stimulators...). Many athletes use EMS to supplement their regular workout routines, while many doctors use it to aid in the rehabilitation of muscles f ollowing injury and to ease patients chronic muscle spasms and pain (Muscle stimulators...). The concept of electrical muscle stimulation is to use technologically advanced science that uses very mild electrical current to exercise your muscles. When one performs any exercise, their brain sends a message down the spinal cord through the nerves innervating all the muscles causing them to contract. An outside electrical source stimulates the nerves to send these signals to your muscle to contract. This is achieved by passing electrical currents through electrode pads placed over a muscle.

Police Code of Ethics Essay

Professions and associations of criminal justice have canons of professional reliability.  The morally idyllic police scheme would be with integrity and nothing confusing regarding it (no deceitfulness or mischief); no discrimination and no disrepute for the restrictions of law or how it is imposed.   All that made privately would be just as if it’s made publicly.   Mistakes are viewed as edifying prospects; however there are less of it due to prevalent obedience to the principles of decency, decorum, self-control, rationality, and vigilance. According to the Police Code of Ethics (Earle, 1970), â€Å"As a law enforcement officer,† their, â€Å"†¦ fundamental duty is to service mankind; to safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and to respect the constitutional rights of all men to liberty, equality, and justice† Police officers keep their private life pure in preserving courage tranquil despite jeopardy, disparagement, or mockery. It’s their duty to â€Å"†¦develop self-restraint,† and become continuously watchful of the people’s wellbeing. â€Å"I will be exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and the regulations of my department,†- this proves they vow to be truthful in their thoughts and actions in their individual and professional life. The code says that whatever they hear or see of a private temperament or confided with them during their executive faculty will be undisclosed unless they are required to reveal during the execution of their duties (Earle, 1970). The code furthers – â€Å"I will never act officiously or permit personal feeling, prejudices, animosities, or friendships to influence by decisions. Police officers made an oath to put the law into effect politely and suitably devoid of trepidation, favour, acrimony or malevolence – â€Å"†¦with no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminals†¦ never employing unnecessary force or violence and never accepting gratuities (Earle, 1970).† Police officers distinguish the emblem of their office as a representation of their civic faith, and thus recognizing it as a trust to be held from the public providing they are true to the principles of their service. Police force workers are to secure individual standards superior than the other constituents of a community. Inappropriate manner has been a frequent charge used in censuring as well as controlling policemen – on and off their duties. Printed throughout the 1950s, the Code of Ethics of Police Officers has a stipulation that is habitually oriented in preparations over and above court decisions that guarantees, avowed: â€Å"I will keep my life unsullied as an example to all.† Decisions of the Court on the subject of public employee misdemeanours concerning inappropriate conduct frequently necessitates that the act of misdemeanours encompass a nexus or relationship to an employee’s performance on his/her job or capability to act upon or contain an unfavourable effect on an agency’s implication, good organization, or operations; police force employees are held to a higher model of behaviour (Small, 1964). Whilst public agencies comprise the capability of restricting conduct not on call, an agency can’t misuse this power and should articulate rational underlying principles for its willpower that the behaviour of police officers harmfully affected an agency’s capability to execute or impacted suitability for public service. A law enforcement agency has to institute how manners of police officers affected the process, morale and effectiveness of that agency. These are vital and momentous hoops stemming from several court decisions concerning inappropriate conducts of police officers that a law enforcement agency have to jump through when commanding regulation. Selection, recruitment, as well as training mechanisms are unblemished, with endorsement on account of merit, nobody being devoid of full custody, and a law enforcement agency giving its workers resources they require to better execute their work.   There are open-door guidelines to academics, the public, as well as media.   Nothing a police force carry out or how they execute it would appear as a disclosure to anybody.   The pledge to the code of ethics is absolute.   Police officers do not lower their ideals or even revise their avowal, because conditions in their locations change.   The exact ordeal of the character is keeping faith despite difficulty. List of Ethics in Government – Law Enforcement / Police Officers (Reams & Yoak, 1987) Article I. Trust – (a) Ethical aspiration, (b) Fiduciary duty, (c) Conflicts of interest, (d) Soliciting or accepting personal gifts, (e) Outside employment, (f) Use of official position to solicit privileges or special treatment, (g) Statements of economic interest, (h) Post employment restrictions, (i) City property, (j) Political activity, (k) Loans. Article II. Fairness – (a) Ethical aspiration, (b) Required reporting of fraud; unlawful use of public funds or property, (c) Discrimination or harassment, (d) Nepotism, (e) Use or disclosure of information. Article III. Accountability – (a) Ethical aspiration, (b) Avoiding bias or favouritism, (c) Inappropriate influence, (d) Ethical practices board, (e) Ethics officer, (f) Code of ethics violations, (g) Sanctions, (h) City contract compliance, (i) Ethics education, (j) Additional ethical standards permitted, (k) Definitions. References Earle, H.H. (1970). Police-community relations; crisis in our time – 2nd Ed. Springfield, Ill.,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thomas. Reams, B.D & Yoak, S.D.   (1987). The Constitution of the United States : a guide and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   bibliography to current scholarly research. Dobbs Ferry, NY : Oceana Publications. Small, N.J. (1964). The Constitution of the United States of America; analysis and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   interpretation. Annotations of cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   June 22, 1964. United States Supreme Court, and Library of Congress Legislative   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reference Service. Washington DC: U.

Real Madrid Brand Management Essay

Corporate sponsors: a beneficial relationship for both parties, the increasing awareness coming from the efficient marketing programme from Real Madrid allows a greater financial return and also the possibility to reach the consumers of its sponsors as well. The main sponsors are both in the sports arena, which allows the club to expand its image without over-stretching; eg. Bwin sport betting platform; and Adidas, an experienced brand in the sports scene. Othersports brands People Things Places Adidas & Bwin Galacticos Cristiano Ronaldo Figure 3. Secondary leveraging through associations with people and other brands Externally the team also benefited from strong rivalry with Barcelona and in a smaller scale it also uses the association with football in Spain as a mean to build its brand reputation. 3) Brand performance Real Madrid since its foundation built its reputation over its successful story. Like other European clubs, until last decade it adopted a focus on the sport events only, which enable the team to be known nationally and throughout Europe. In middle of 2000’s, the club identified the opportunity to increase knowledge worldwide and was also able to increase its brand stature, attracting more fans by selecting star players for the squad. According to Young and Rubincam Brand Asset Valuator (Value Based Management, 2011), the club has been for a long time in the position of unrealised/emerging potential. In the last decade it has reached leadership, competing with teams such as Manchester United and Barcelona. Real Madrid has always had good brand strength, but only in the last 10 years it has been able to fully exploit the brand stature. Figure 4. Building brand stature through time 1902 -mid 2000’s Mid 2000’s – now Figure 5. From unrealised potential to leadership (Merlo, 2011) 4) Brand equity sustainability In order to successfully manage the brand through time, it is necessary to analyse the external and internal factors that could affect its equity. Analysing the threats through the external perspective, the most recent proof of the successful strategy of going global was showed when Real Madrid went through the last world economy downturn without suffering any major financial impact: â€Å"We continue to assert that top clubs are well placed o meet the challenges of the economic environment. Large and loyal supporter bases, the ability to drive broadcast audiences and continuing attraction to corporate partners provide a strong base to underpin revenues†, says Paul Rawnsley, director in Deloitte’s sports business group. (licensemag. com, 2011) Real Madrid has made a good use of merchandising and did not over-stretch the brand by launching products that are not related to sports. It has been able to feed fans’ variety seeking without confusing them or diluting the brand meaning. 5) Conclusion Real Madrid’s tactics based on a mix of two strategies (reputation and affinity) is a good balance to protect the club from vulnerability. By constantly having good results the team builds a good reputation while at the same time crystallizing the emotions of the fans and creating affinity. One of the risks faced by the brand lies in over-relating to the image of individual players as eventual personal incidents might damage the brand equity. Real Madrid’s brand uses associations with people and other brands. It could explore further associations with the country Spain.

An Overview of Database Management Systems Essays

An Overview of Database Management Systems Essays An Overview of Database Management Systems Essay An Overview of Database Management Systems Essay Overview of Database Management Systems Goals: – DBMS basic concepts – Introduce underlying managerial issues – Prepare for discussion of uses of DBMS, such as OLAP and database mining misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 1 Overview of Database Management What is a database system? – Acomputerized record-keeping system Record? – Think of it as a row in a table, consisting of fields of data – Note: Role of metaphors System? A general software module that provides all sorts of services: – Create new files and add them to the database – Insert new data into an existing file – Retrieve data from existing files – Update (change) data in existing files – Delete data in existing files – Delete (remove) existing files from the database – And much else: system management features, security, integrity, etc. misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 2 Overview of Database Management Important and fundamental distinctions – System software vs application software – Logical vs physical  » See MISNotes, chapter 1 System software, e. g. , – – – – Operating system Language compilers Communications DBMS Idea: everybody needs it, so write it once and standardly for all – Reading/writing files (OS) – Storing/retrieving records (DBMS) misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 3 Overview of Database Management Where do database systems come from? – Commercial software vendors  » Oracle, DB2, RDB, Ingres, Focus, etc. for mainframes  » For Unix, Oracle, Ingres, Informix, etc.  » Macs: Mainly Oracle  » PCs: Access, Paradox, Oracle, etc. Is there more than one kind? Why? – Yes: flat file systems, network systems, hierarchical systems, relational systems, object-oriented systems – And different brands for each type – Why? History, needs and requirements Is there a standard? Yes, 2 really – Relational DBMS – SQL as the access language  » DDL, DML, etc.  » Note: Can have SQL w/o relational and relational w/o SQL – Note: Access is relational has SQL access misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 4 Overview of Database Management Who uses database systems? – – – Everyone, high, middle, and low Pervasive in business and commerce Difficult to overestimate importance Quite possible to earn your way through school doing database work Are databases here to stay? Are they stable? – Here to stay? Absolutely! – Stable? Yes, but  » Relational DBMS with SQL: commercial de facto standard; client-server uses  » Object-oriented DBMS: thought to be the next big thing A few years away Specialized uses SQL will stayprobably misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 5More Comments on Database and Information Systems Generallly Important concepts/themes Persistence – Why we need data bases Metaphors and computing generally and database specifically – Relational model, relational databases:  » Tables, tables, tables Indirection – e. g. external, conceptual, internal views of database misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 6 Overview of Database Management Why database? Alternatives are unattractive Positive reasons for DBMSs Data independence Reduction of redundancy Avoidance of inconsistency Enforcement of standards Security Integrity Use of markets isnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 7 Database Architecture These comments apply broadly to all types of DBMSs but, will focus on SQL, big guys systems ANSI/SPARC (broadly accepted) framework Three levels: External Conceptual Internal Relational refers to how the data appears to users, so to the external and conceptual levels – How it appears (as tables) and – How you operate on it – Recall: metaphors misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 8 The External Level The individual user level (application programmer, someone interacting online with the database, or an application, or a user via a nice front end) Users (typically) interact with a DBMS using a language of some sort. e. g. , SQL, either embedded in a programming language or interactively e. g. , QBE for users Data sublanguage vs host language Data sublanguage: Data definition language (DDL) Data manipulation language (DML) The point of external views: to give different users different views of the data – Views: concept, advantages isnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 9 The Conceptual Level A representation of the entire information content of the database from the point of view of the underlying data model (here, relational) Conceptual schema Conceptual schema is to be pure; no refernce to the physical misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 10 The Internal Level Described by the internal schema Refers to details of the physical representation – E. g. , how records are laid out on a hard drive But NOT to device-specific physical details isnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 11 The Database Administrator Data administratormakes strategic and policy decisions Database administratortechnical support for implementing policy decisions Defines internal schema Liaison with users Oversees and defines security and integrity checks Manages backup and recovery Performance monitoring, database tuning misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 12 The Parts-Supplier Database Three tables: S (suppliers), P (parts), SPS S# SNAME STATUS CITY ====================================== S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Smith Jones Blake Clark Adams 20 10 30 20 30 London Paris Paris London Athens Table (and relation) Tuple (or record) Field Attribute Domain Data types Data atomicity Key, key field misnotes-dbms- 19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 13 The Parts-Supplier Database (continued) P P# PNAME COLOR WEIGHT CITY ====================================== P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 Nut Bolt Screw Screw Cam Cog Red Green Blue Red Blue Red 12 17 17 14 12 19 London Paris Rome London Paris London Ordering on the rows?Does CITY in P mean the same as CITY in S? 17 what? Pounds? Ounces? Tons? Kilograms? Why more than one table? How do we answer queries that rely on data in more than one table? misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 14 The Parts-Supplier Database (continued) SP S# P# QTY ====================================== S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S2 S2 S3 S4 S4 S4 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P1 P2 P2 P2 P4 P5 300 200 400 200 100 100 300 400 200 200 300 400 S5? S6? Double key, S#-P# Why more than one table? How do we answer queries that rely on data in more than one table? misnotes-dbms-19980121. ppt Steven O. Kimbrough 15