Motivations for immigration to American colonies Essay

The first successful colony in America was in Jamestown, Virginia, established 1607. When it was first founded, the colony contained only several hundred people. During the two hundred years that followed the population increased greatly, due in part to massive immigration from the Old World. By 1790 the colony housed a little under four million people. The high rate of immigration stemmed from a number of different motivators, including the peoples’ hope for a better lifestyle than the one they experienced in the Old World, religious zeal, cheaper land and higher wages for manual laborers, and overpopulation in England. Farmers and manual laborers were attracted to America by the prospect of higher wages and lower costs of living. â€Å"Most of these people were of the ‘industrious’ sort–craftsmen, yeomen farmers, and small merchants†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document A). Since the New World sought these types of laborers to further the economy and lacked a sufficient number of them, the demand increased, and with it the wages. The cost of living was also lower because the New World was virtually unpopulated and there was a low demand for residence as compared with England; subsequently, the costs were lower. According to William Penn, â€Å"their labor will be worth more than it is in England and their living will be cheaper.† (Document 1). Religious types, especially the Puritans, were drawn to America by the possibility of converting natives and spreading the message and lifestyle that they upheld to others through example. They hoped for â€Å"new souls† to be â€Å"won for God.† (David Cressy article). By establishing what they considered to be an ideal and pious community, these colonizers wanted to build a new home for Christianity, extended from its confines of the Old World. One man who brought people like this to America through his words was John Winthrop, who said that colonization would carry the benefit of â€Å"service to the Lord.† (Document 3). Winthrop was a prominent leader of the English Puritans in their voyage to the Massachusetts Bay to build such a colony. Another motivation for immigration was the hope of a better lifestyle by the settlers. â€Å"Many left depressed†¦regions in search of a new start.† (Document A). Some people felt oppressed by the English government and  wanted freedom from it. Also, many people who were denied the privilege of land ownership in England believed that they could fulfill this wish in the New World. As mentioned before, land was cheaper in America due to a fairly low demand for it, which increased the probability of one being able to own it. Therefore, the possibility of land ownership and a new start was an attraction for the colonizers. Some of the people that emigrated, however, were not actually motivated to do so by the attractions of the New World. Instead, overpopulation in England and pressure from the government pushed them out of the country and into America. Since the pioneers of the colonies wanted them to flourish and needed inhabitants to achieve this goal, the government encouraged unemployed or idle Englishmen to settle there. â€Å"†¦Thousands of Englishmen were forced off the land and unwelcome itinerants became a common sight†¦constituting a problem.† (Document 2). The solution to this problem was to ship the unwelcome men off to America, which is what the government did, and was a partial reason for the population boom. Different people were attracted to the New World for different reasons, such as the wish to own land, better one’s lifestyle, or promote Christianity. These attractions paired with overpopulation in England were the reason that so many people emigrated to colonial America. The new area presented a whole fresh realm of possibilities that England did not offer, and as a result, the unemployed, unhappy and/or restless went there in search of satisfaction and something new. Various literature written by educated men of the period promoted emigration and helped spread the word of these prospects. These reasons are what account for the large number of that people moved to colonial America in the seventeenth century.

Odysseus and Aeneus: Travels to the Dark Side Essay

Ancient Greece’s Odysseus from Homer’s The Odyssey and ancient Troy’s Aeneus from Virgil’s The Aeneid are both heroes who struggle with identity and purpose, and these identities and purposes are tied up into the concepts and symbolism revolving around female versus male and pagan versus Christian-like influences. In comparing Odysseus’ travel to the underworld and Aeneus’ decent to the land of the dead, one can relate these journeys to the main philosophical plots of both works of ancient literature. Although both men return from Hades alive, the two men’s initial approaches to the dead are slightly different, Odysseus performing sacrifices at the direction of the female goddess Circe and Aeneus praying to the male God Appollo and led to the gates by the priestess Sybil. The variance in how the heroes enter the spirit worlds lends significant insight into how their experiences in the underworld play out and mirror the entire themes of both tales. The heroes’ experiences with the dead are not unlike the major plots of both works, Odysseus focusing more on a successful return to his wife and Aeneus centering more on a successful honoring of God and country. The more mortal, pagan, and female experiences of Odysseus’ journey contrast to the more immortal, Christian-like, and male voyage of Aeneus. A main difference in the drive of the two men is that Odysseus is driven by the recommendations of the Goddess Circe and Aeneus is empowered by the guidance of the God Appolo. Here one can see the divine gender differences and the contrast of abiding by the rule of an immortal woman or the power of an immortal man. Leadership positions are of great significance in The Odyssey and The Aeneid, because Ithaca and Troy were in bitter battles for power and influence during this time. In calling attention to modern day Christian theology, it can be stated that perhaps Aeneus displays the most leadership capacity, given that he takes heed of the influence of male figures. However, in refuting modern day Christian mentality, one can suppose that Odysseus may be correct in placing his trust and ability to be guided in the hands of a woman, accepting the idea of womanly power and the feminine energy which can be useful to and benefit male figures. The fact that the tale of Odysseus was born several hundred years before Christian theology contrasts with the story of Aeneus, written only a couple decades before Christ’s birth, on the cusp of Christian influence. The communication of the ghosts to both heroes gives insight to the similarities and differences of their experiences in the underworlds. At the River of Ocean in the land of the Cimmerians, the spirits themselves come to Odysseus, giving him a more rooted or female positioning, Elpenor one of the first to greet Odysseus, begging him to return to Circe’s island and give him a proper burial. In Dis, the land of the dead, Charon delivers souls to Aeneus from across the river Acheron, and Sybil explains to Aeneus that the souls of the dead must remain on the other bank. However, upon showing his golden branch, Aeneus is able to be ferried across and he moves into the underworld, granting him an entering and more male positioning. Further communication with the spirits reveal to both men the end goals or purposes of their expeditions. For Odysseus, in the counsel of the ghost prophet Tiresias, he is informed that the Achaeans are being punished by Poseidon for the blinding of his son Polyphemus and foresees that Odysseus will have a successful journey culminating in the return to his wife, the banishment of her eager suitors, and the future engagement in another trip to appease Poseidon. The goal for Aeneus is also revealed in the land of the dead by the spirit of his father Anchesis, that Romulus will found Rome, a Caesar will eventually come from the line of Ascanius, and Rome will reach a Golden Age of rule over the world. Here, one notes that for Odysseus, a return to Penelope is a large part of his purpose, while Aeneus appears to be on a mission revolving fighting solely for the fatherland. The relative physical nearness of Odysseus to the spirits contrasts the distance of Aeneus to the ghosts they both encounter, Odysseus seemingly swarmed by the souls and Aeneus travelling to the spirits throughout Hades. The shades of the dead are immediately able to interact with and influence Odysseus, while Aeneus is separated from the spirits by the river and must be shuttled across by the gate keeper, Charon. Also, the concept of levels of purgatory is not readily apparent in Odysseus’ experience in the underworld, while Aeneus experiences the movement through stages of Hell, from the suicide victims in the Fields of Mourning to the innocent spirits in the Blessed Groves. One can distinguish between the more ancient belief of Odysseus being directly submerged with the spirit world, souls coming to him directly, and Aeneus’ more Christian-like orientation of being classified in steps away from the divine or away from eternal joy according to the level of preoccupation with sin and death, journeying through the various areas of what could be termed a kind of purgatory in Hell, perhaps just short of divine life or mortality in Heaven. Two former soldier spirits communicate to the men that they would like to be buried properly, which serves to align the tales of Odysseus and Aeneus more closely together. Both Elpenor’s plea to Odysseus and Aeneus’ spotting of Palinurus within the area for spirits having received improper burials bring sadness to the hearts of the heroes, perhaps knowing that the deceased did not receive the most appropriate and respectful honor from them. The quick and dirty nature of battle is called to mind for both of the men as they express regret at their ineffectiveness in having paid proper respects to their lost friends. Here, Odysseus and Aeneus are seen as more similar, both either guilty or saddened by the lost chance to truly honor the dead at the time of their passing. This experience serves for both men a time of self reflection on their own actions, deliberating on whether or not they had made the right choices and calling to mind the concepts of sin and regret due to possibly mistaken actions. In comparing Odysseus’ marriage to Penelope to Aeneus’ sighting of Dido in the land of the dead, one is struck by the sharp contrast in the men’s relationships with women. While Odysseus is faithful to Penelope and keeps her as a driving force in his quest, a goal and treasure to which he wants to return and defend, Aeneus is shocked by seeing his former love in the Fields of Mourning, having killed herself and married a ghost in the afterlife. Aeneus’ incapacity at sustaining a relationship is a very important point to consider in the comparison of both heroes. Perhaps Odysseus’ clinging to the more female part of existence and divine life lends power to his ability to hold his marriage together, giving support and honor to the idea of family life. Although both men are soldiers on journeys to defend their home countries, Odysseus does not make the complete break from home in the way that Aeneus does. The splitting of Aeneus and Dido is a deep and telling fracture which can lend insight into the Trojan way of thinking regarding marriage and family. In this way, Aeneus’ masculinity works against him in that he is effectively separated from romantic love, and Odysseus’ pact with the feminine keeps him bound closer to family and home life. Also touching on the concept of family members as they relate to gender differences is the fact that Odysseus is visited by his mother in the underworld and Aeneus seeks out his father. The coming of Odysseus’ mother Anticleia is again a more female orientation visitation and perhaps another impetus for Odysseus to return home to his wife Penelope, as his mother confesses to have died of grief in waiting for his return to Ithaca. Aeneus’ conversation with his father is again a more male oriented interaction. Anchises explains how the spirits move about in Dis, illustrating more clearly the Christian-like concept of purgatory and gaining insight on how the ghosts are able to reach the Fields of Gladness, as well as gaining insight on the future role of Trojans in Rome and the expansion of the Roman Empire, lending support to the ideas of hierarchy and patriarchy. In paying attention to the sensation of what it was like to have been in the two underworlds, one notes that the experience of the souls in Odysseus’ underworld is nothing less than suffering and that the experience of the spirits in Aeneus’ land of the dead is more variable, some suffering and some happiness. Odysseus’ departure from the underworld in being swarmed by the souls is one of fright and fleeing, while Aeneus leaves the land of the dead courageously. The distaste which Odysseus holds for the dead ghosts is apparent, and he expresses the fact that he wants nothing to do with knowledge of the dead. The encounter with his mother Anticleia may have also invoked fear in Odysseus that his wife Penelope may also surrender to sadness and death. Aeneus is more curious of the afterlife, the positive aspects and negative aspects being grouped separately, and he demonstrates a desire to learn about now to gain access to the nicer areas of the spirit world. The energy he receives from the encouraging conversation with his father regarding the positive aspects of purgatory and the future goal of his triumph in Italy enables Aeneus to leave his visit to the land of the dead with confidence. The notions of judgment and peace are also themes in Odysseus and Aeneus’ visits to the afterworld. In Odysseus’ underworld experience, the dead are not really judged, yet they are all unhappy. In this case, there is no peace for the dead and no judgment of death other than a negative one. To Odysseus, the underworld is black and unfortunate place, hopefully avoidable, yet certainly not avoidable for Odysseus given his own mortality. There is a blanketed negativity in Odysseus’ concept of the afterlife, no room for positive judgment and no room for peace. However, in looking at Aeneus’ experience in the land of the dead, one notes that there are various judgments of the spirits and various areas of suffering and bliss, correlating to the judgment of their life choices before death, Minos handing out judgments to the recently deceased. Although there are suffering souls, there are also ghosts who enjoy happiness and peace in the afterlife, concepts resembling the purgatory of Christianity during this pre-Christian area. In Aeneus’ experience, one is able to glean a sense of hopefulness from the spiritual world, while Odysseus’ encounter with the dead is mostly frightful and perhaps even unhelpful. These two experiences can be viewed in two ways. Perhaps it is positive that Aeneus sees joy in death, granting him extra courage to face the afterlife, however, perhaps this makes Aeneus closer to death, while Odysseus may be made safer by aiming to avoid death completely. In considering the two men and their two tales, it is illuminating to study the two midpoint travels of the heroes into the underworlds. Odysseus as a hero is somewhat more woman led, depending on Circe, interaction with his mother, and yearnings for Penelope, and this thread of female orientation is present throughout Odysseus’ journey. He is even warned by Tiresias to not touch the flocks of the sun, a metaphor which rings a sense of warning to resist the urge of being overly male oriented. Odysseus’ fear of death can be viewed in two different ways. Perhaps he is cowardly, or perhaps he is more attached to life and desires to be in the land of the living. Odysseus’ desire to return to Ithaca and reclaim his wife Penelope is always a drawing factor, and Odysseus’ flight from the spirit world may simply correlate to his desire to return home to his family. The hero Aeneus is more man led, valuing the prayers to Appollo, the conversation with his father, and letting go of his woman Dido, placing the voyage and battle ahead of his family life, remaining more male oriented. The letting go of his relationship with Dido and her subsequent death supports the idea that Aeneus is able to cut ties, however, one cannot be sure if the ability of Aeneus to cut ties is a positive ability or if he wrongly fractures his romance and family bonds. The concepts of opposing and complimentary genders, divine mortal and immortal influence, and pagan and Christian-like theologies and belief systems all contribute to the development of the tales The Odyssey and The Aeneid as well as place meaning and focus on the heroes Odysseus and Aeneus and their travels down into the realm of the dead, giving each character definition and shape in the similarities and contrasts between the two men and their unique yet related voyages. If Odysseus is a more ancient pagan with closer ties to the feminine and Aeneus is a more modern Christian-like figure with closer ties to the masculine, one wonders if something was gained in this historical transition†¦ or if something was lost. Works Cited Homer. The Odyssey, circa 800 BC Virgil. The Aeneid, circa 20 BC

Crooks and Curley’s wife experience loneliness and isolation Essay

In this essay I intend to write about why Crooks and Curley’s wife experience loneliness and isolation and in what way they try to deal with these difficulties. Crooks is a nergro stable buck with a crooked spine. His eyes are described as the most noticeable feature on his face, brimming with knowledge of the injustice in life. ‘ His eyes lay deep in his head, and because of their depth seemed to glitter with intensity.’ He is also slim with a lean face, en-lined with wrinkles. His lips are also described vividly as very thin and pain-tightened. He covers up his intense eyes with large gold rimmed spectacles. Curley’s wife is, of course a complete contrast, and is extremely pretty, thought sometimes try too hard. ‘She had full, rouged lips and wide-spade eyes, heavily made up.’ She has done her nails carefully which doesn’t seem very suitable for life on a ranch. Her voice is another thing that is commented on, as have a nasal, brittle quality. Crook’s personality is somewhat of a mystery. His real personality is hidden by the racism of the time. He is hurt and shocked by people’s opinions towards him and so he feels the only way to get through life is to push back the same disgust to the other mean on the ranch. ‘This here’s my room. Nobody got any right in here by me†¦I ain’t wanted in the bunk-house, and you ain’t wanted in my room. Crooks doesn’t see that all his is really doing is stopping to their level thought, he just continues to treat others in the way he has been treated, and if he has a choice he just stays away from them. His personality would have developed differently if he had been born white, because his true colours are stunted by the racism against him. He teases Lennie, and takes pleasure in it, as though at last he is being able to do to someone else what has been done to him for his whole life, ‘ Crooks face lights with pleasure in his torture.’ The basic word to describe the personality of Curley’s wife is a flirt, although as we get to know more and more about her we discover that this is not completely true. In this essay I will try to explain why she behaves like this, and whether in fact she behaves like this just for attention and is concealing something. The personality of these characters is perhaps one of the keys to the book. However different these character are they are linked through their loneliness and the fact they conceal their true personality. The are both considered quite low on the ‘social scale’ but deal with this in very different ways as I will explain. As I have said, Crooks is bitter about being made to live along above the stable. He expresses this bitterness, and tires to explain to Lennie how loneliness is so disturbed that it drives you mad † I’ll tell you a get guys too lonely and he gets sick†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.don’t make no difference who the guy is, long’s he’s with you.† It must be a relief for Crooks to be able to share some of his problems with someone, and he must find it especially east with Lennie who probably will not understand, and will forget what he hears quickly. He is the only one who understands Lennie, besides George, and befriends him. He looks past Lennie’s mental handicap and Lennie looks past Crooks’ physical handicap. Curley’s wife also finds it easy to talk to Curley. She is so overwhelmed by her loneliness, she seeks friendship from other men. She seeks out the friendship of Lennie for all of the others fear Curley and will have nothing to do with her. â€Å"Think I don’t like to talk to somebody ever’ once in a while?† It is when she talks to Lennie that we discover a great deal about her past. She tells Lennie that she still dreams of what might have been, seeing herself as a potential film-star. However, in my opinion she has no acting talent, men (one from a travelling show, one who claimed to be in the movies) make her offers as a chat-up line. Her naivetà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ shows in her belief that her mother has stolen a letter (from her â€Å"contact† in Hollywood) which was obviously never written; her immaturity appears in her instant reaction of marrying the loathsome Curley. It was a hasty marriage to Curley is just a failed attempt to escape from her own s piral of loneliness. When she chose to marry Curley it was all because of the wrong reasons and only to get away from her mother, one person who genuinely cared for her, † Well I wasn’t going to stay no place where I couldn’t get nowhere.† Now she find herself very line and she has no-one to talk to, † I don’ like Curley.’ Desperate for companionship she does not find at home, she tries to find solace with the other men. They are uneasy about this, as they think her to be seriously promiscuous, and are fearful of Curley’s reaction. Her inappropriate dress on the ranch and her manner brand her as a â€Å"tart†. She can not escape from this image and so she uses it so that she is noticed and can talk to people. Although in my opinion instead of being the mature and flirtatious female that the men see, she is in fact like a little girl yearning for her home. She even talks to people who she considers to be ‘out of her league,’ but in a way this makes her a more tragic character, because unlike the others, even Lennie, she seems not to understand her limitations – or she refuses to admit them. She treats those below her in an unnecessarily disdainful way. There is one point in the book when Curley’s wife goes into Crook’s room. Crook, as I have said, pretends that he wishes no one to come into his room seeing as he isn’t allowed in the bunk house. However, when Lennie and then Candy come in we can tell that he was actually very pleased, â€Å"It was difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger.† Candy and Crooks reacts to Curley’s wife primarily disgusted. On their faces they scowl at her and appear to wish that she wasn’t there. However as Curley’s wife points out it is doubtful whether they really feel this, for they would not doubt have acted very different if they were alone, â€Å"If I catch one man alone, I get along fine with him. But just le two guys get together and you just wont talk†¦you’re all scared of each other. Curley’s wife is very rude to Crooks and says, † I’m standing here talking to a nigger.† I think her reaction is like this because she feels very powerful to be talking to someone as sad and lonely as herself, but who is looked down upon by others. She likes to use this rare power and so when Crooks finally cracks and stands up to her she does everything with her capable possibility to make him feel small and unnecessary. â€Å"Listen, Nigger,’ she said. ‘ You know what I can do to you if you open your trap?’ This immediately makes Crooks turn into a no one. Every trace of a personality disappears, and he just answers in a monotonous voice. After she leave Candy says,’ That bitch didn’t ought to of said that to you.’ And Crooks replies by saying ,’ It wasn’t nothing, you guys coming in an’ setting made me forget.’ Crooks obviously was so happy by having the company of some men that he forgets his place (in those times) and stood up to her. He then realised what he had done and remembered how he should have behaved. For that one small part of the story we saw the real Crooks, the one who is not concerned with racism, because for that very small amount of time he believe himself to be normal. Curley’s wife though doesn’t have a very suprising reaction to Candy (the old-swamper) and Crooks. I believe that she is angry because she just realised how messy her life is. She tries to stay calm and talk to them as thought they are beneath her, but all the time she realises that she is just as sad and lonely as them. She sees that they are the only people she can have a proper conversation with are, as she describes them ‘ a nigger, an’ a dum-dum and a lousy ol’ sheep.† At one point in the conversation she says, † Whatt ya think I am, a kid?† and then she continues to talk about how she was nearly in the pictures. Of course, she is just a kid, who doesn’t understand herself. He also wants to be part of George and Lennie’s dream. He said that he would work for free. He gives up on the farm dream when he realizes it isn’t going to work out. Talk about this. Also say that crooks was nasty to lennie then nice. I would describe Curley’s wife as a sympathetic figure. There is a very strong description towards the end of the book, just as she has been killed by Lennie, † And the meanness and the planning and the discontented and the ache for attention were all gone from her face. She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young. Curley’s wife has had a very unfortunate life. She made some wrong decisions and has been punished for them, by dying unhappy at such as young age. To all the other people on the ranch she is only important because she is the wife of Curley, and that explains why she is given no other name. They are scared of getting involved with her because of what Curley might do to them. No-one is ever actually interesting in her. I feel sorry for her that someone who has the potential to be so sweet and calm has lives such as sad life and has died before anyone knows her true colours. Crook, like Curley’s wife has had a sad life for the later part of his life at least. Nothing will ever get better for him, because of his colour. The war Steinbeck talks about him is very controversial nowadays and would not be accepted. At the time that this book was written this language would have been more in use and so perhaps it would have been more acceptable, meaning that Steinbeck was not ware of its full impact. The fact that he portrays crooks as a unhappy and meaningful character must indicate that the author believes racism to be unfair, or else he would have been portrayed as evil, someone deserving what he got. Many upon reading this book may believe that the key issue is George and Lennie, but in fact this novel raises many questions about discrimination and loneliness.

Discuss the basic communication skills that are prerequistites for the Essay

Discuss the basic communication skills that are prerequistites for the helping relationship - Essay Example Every person needs communication and contacts establishing. From one side, it is a necessity to get new impressions, feelings and knowledge, and from the other side it is a wish to share thoughts and opinion. So, communication is a process of information exchange. This process helps to enrich experience of the person who communicates. Education of every human goes through communication which is one of the main experience sources. In the process of personality development the communication development gets the social-selective character. The universal character of communication becomes apparent in â€Å"confess† nessecity: to share thoughts and problems.ï€ ª Communication necessity is always connected with the self-communication. Some people have a well-developed habit of self-comnmunication. The reasons for this are hidden in personality or society he/she lives in. It is a fact that active interpersonal attitudes cause self-comnmunication necessity. Usually people are tired of the information they don’t need and this becomes the reason for self-communication. It is worth admitting that the skills of self-communication are very important for soluting the problems and analyzing difficulties. So, communication is an integral part of human existing and important prerequisite for social human formation, and also it is a prerequisite for society development. The process of communication helps to organize, to regulate and to unite people, it helps to develop emotional and intellectual interaction between people. Analysing personality as a social-psychological phenomenon we can see that society correlation is not an interrelation of two isolated systems: personality researching is always connected with society researching and on the contrary. A personality should be always analysed at the contest of social relationship. The matter and level of relationship between people are various:

People of Hindu the Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People of Hindu the Culture - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that the Hindu culture is unique and nurses need to recognize that Indians have different perceptions towards health and wellbeing. Therefore, nurses need to understand the critical aspects that define the Hindu culture. For example, the Hindu culture exhibits stringent practices of nutrition that healthcare providers should take note of, as this paper will highlight. Food is a critical part of life in Hinduism. The people associate food with their God. They recognize that food is responsible for nurturing the different aspects of the human being. Hindus do not take food for granted, but rather recognize it as a gift from their God Brahman. For this reason, the people respect food and say a number of prayers before partaking food. There are strict rules governing the preparation of food as well as the ingredients of the Hindu food. The Hindu culture prohibits beef and pork. Notably, the bee is from the cows, which have a representative symbol of a mother. On th e other hand, the Hindu view pigs as unclean, and hence pork should not be an ingredient in their food. Many people of the Hindu culture believe that it is wrong to slaughter animals a factor that causes them pain. For this reason, many of the Hindu people avoid animal products and adopt a stringent vegetarian diet. Women who are responsible for preparing food take a birth before any of the ingredients. In addition, there are specific prayers said before cooking the food. When these conditions are met, a woman can then begin food preparation. Hindus observe high levels of cleanliness before partaking food. The male members of the family lead prayers said before undertaking the food. The Hindu people offer thanksgiving through a different set of prayers after eating. The Hindu culture places emphasis on the ritual and mystical significance of food. Since the food is a representation of Brahman, the people usually consider food as God. There are certain mental attitudes associated wit h the person cooking food. In addition, people hold different beliefs towards different types of food. The Hindu culture prohibits the consumption of impure food because it affects the person eating.

Organizational and technical issues of significance in the Research Paper

Organizational and technical issues of significance in the international or global management of information systems - Research Paper Example In a digital world, key business assets such as intellectual property, essential capabilities and human being resources are controlled through digital means. Moreover, any information required to support key business decisions is available any given time and anywhere within digital firms, which gives digital firms the ability to respond rapidly compared to the traditional firms making digital firms flexible and able to survive in turbulent times. Information systems offer digital firms extraordinary opportunities to global organizations and management because information systems enable business firm to possess the potential of achieving unprecedented levels of prosperity and competitiveness. International information systems are made up of fundamental information systems necessary for corporations to coordinate global business and various other activities. Digital firms are distinguished by their reliance on information technology in organizing and managing their activities; hence, m anagers consider information systems as useful enablers as well as the core of business and a primary management tool despite the various challenges to information systems. ... Information systems contain information regarding considerable people and things within an organization or even within the surroundings of the organization. Information system from business perspective is considered a managerial tool that has its basis on information technology useful in solving challenges within the environment. Therefore, information systems form an integral part in organizations because some companies like credit reporting firms would not be in business without information systems. A significant part of management involves creative work that is propelled by knowledge and information; hence, information system plays a significant and powerful role in redirecting and redesigning an organization. Information technology is a tool managers use to tackle change where computer hardware is used to input, process and output information within an information system. Information systems consist of various components that include the processing unit, several input, and output and storage devices as well as physical media that connects the devices. Computer software involves detailed programmed instructions that coordinate computer hardware within an information system, while storage technology involves physical media for keeping data like optical disks as well as software that governs the organization of data on the physical media. Communication technology incorporates physical gadgets and software in linking the several parts of hardware and transferring data from one place to another through computer networks in order to share resources. Technology resources that can be shared throughout an organization constitute the organization’s information technology infrastructure,

Individual assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Individual assignment - Essay Example The later part of the study would encompass recommended strategies for bringing forth improvement in certain areas. Caring Hotel is located in Craven Hill Gardens, London. This hotel is easily accessible by guests due to its location. It can be visited with friends and family. Staff members of this hotel are warm and helpful. Guests are attended properly and efforts are made to deliver desirable service quality to visitors. However the management has not taken active measures to provide best amenities in hotel rooms. Often guests find it difficult to stay in such hotel rooms which lack basic amenities. Tripadvisor reviews also states that there is inappropriate management of daily operations. Waiting time in queue is comparatively longer than other budgeted hotels. Delay in check-in tends to decrease customer satisfaction level. Guests have been witnessed to spend their maximum time on the reception. The rooms of Caring Hotel are quite spacious and this aspect is appreciated by all visitors staying in this hotel. Management has implemented best techniques in terms of designing proper interiors an d sustaining traditions or cultural values. There are many individuals who travel to London for business purpose or to spend a vacation with their family. In such circumstances, it becomes problematic to stay in luxury hotels since overall expenditure would drastically increase. Budgeted hotels like Caring Hotel is a suitable option for all those individuals either travelling for business purpose or for a small vacation with family (TripAdvisor LLC, 2015). Caring Hotel is a well-known budgeted hotel, situated in one of the best locations in London. The hotel charges fair value and keeps its premises or rooms clean so as to enhance customer satisfaction level. This hotel is operating in a highly competitive segment. Budget hotels are more in number in current scenario. This

Implementing Lean Approach to Eliminate Non-value-added Activity Essay

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CAGB Report Essay Example for Free

CAGB Report Essay Introduction   Good morning. Today we will be discussing the topic of membership into the Chicory Association of Great Britain (CAGB). It has come to the attention of Sunshine PR that everyone serving on the CAGB committee has a farming background. Thus, each of you should realize that anyone desiring to join the CAGB must be given simple, yet detailed information. With that being said, Sunshine PR perceives membership into the CAGB as an opportunity for farmers to expand into large retail chains in the local area. Right now, these retail chains are dependent upon imported exotic vegetables. Yet, Sunshine PR has realized that local independent farmers can provide fresh vegetables that are home-grown to these businesses. Therefore, the company would like to brief you on the benefits of independent farmers acquiring membership you’re your establishment. While there is a budget of only â„“50,000 for a national PR campaign, Sunshine PR feels the money can be stretched. One way of doing so is to get local celebrities, rock stars, supermodels, and other professionals that are highly esteemed in the public’s eye to donate their time and efforts for this cause. Thus, the purpose of this presentation is to detail a PR campaign for the CAGB to acquire members who can provide fresh, home-grown vegetables to local UK retailers.   Outline   First, we begin with a brief outline of what will be addressed throughout this presentation. Sunshine PR will look at the Situation, Step-by-Step approach, Objectives, Message Strategies, Target Strategies, Implementation, and Evaluation. These items will be defined as this presentation continues. Sunshine PR will also discuss the various Stakeholders available. Therefore, this presentation will answer the following questions: Project management Where are we now? Where do we want to be? What are we doing to get there? Who do we need to talk to? How will we know we’ve arrived? Practicalities. This means the physical constraints, the facts, and the feasibility of this project. Approvals.   Therefore, we can now begin. Project management   Sunshine PR has been given this opportunity to run a PR campaign for CAGB. Our company is very thankful for this opportunity. Sunshine PR has been in business for many years. As a result, we have helped a variety of clients from a diverse background. However, Sunshine PR would like to benefit CAGB by helping the association raise awareness in regards to the importance of chicory in this area. Sunshine PR understands that the budget is only â„“50,000. Yet, we believe this amount is durable to get the point across. Therefore, the Situation being looked at is one in which local farmers need the opportunity to sell home-grown vegetables to local markets. By doing so, money remains at home versus the current situation of local retailers importing vegetables and thus, spending money elsewhere. Where are we now?   By money being spent elsewhere, our economy is losing opportunities to expand. Therefore, the CAGB needs to raise awareness about the benefits of local independent farmers becoming a CAGB member. Yet, membership should come with the understanding that ‘chicory is a bushy perennial herb with blue or lavender flowers’. It can be used in salads, as a coffee substitute, as a sweetener. Chicory can also be put in yogurt. [Picture of chicory taken from Microsoft clipart]   Thus, the opportunities for making profits in providing chicory to local retailers are endless. Consequently, Sunshine PR has come up with membership packages suitable for experienced, upcoming, and future independent British farmers that the CAGB can offer its members. These packages come in six levels of membership, similar to those packages found at the Chartered Institute of Public Relations website. These memberships include the following: Member MCAGB. This package offers several possibilities into full membership with the CAGB. Associate ACAGB. This package is open to those farmers with at least 3 years of farming experience or a CAGB approved qualification. Affiliate. This package is open to those farmers with lesser than 3 years of farming experience or those who are working in a related industry. Student. This package is open to those studying a CAGB approved qualification. Affiliate Studying. This package is open to those studying a farming qualification that is not CAGB approved. Fellow FCAGB. This package is awarded to those farmers who have made an outstanding contribution to the United Kingdom.   This brings us to the Step-by-Step approach. It answers the next question. Where do we want to be? With this PR campaign, the CAGB wants to be in the driver’s seat. This means that all farmers joining the CAGB will come on-board with the idea in mind of returning profits back to the local community. In order for this step to be successful we need to: Inform Address Evaluate Implement In order for the CAGB to get anywhere, it must first (a) Inform the general public of what the association is all about. Thus, the CAGB will be making the general public aware that the association plans to help local farmers deliver fresh, home-grown vegetables (in particular, chicory) to local retailers. In this approach, some of the local celebrities can be seen in a commercial drinking a cup of coffee that is made from home-grown chicory.   Next, CAGB needs to (b) Address. In this step, the general public should be made aware of all the jobs being lost by local retailers importing vegetables. By putting even one farmer out of business, that means plenty of local residents (who work on these farms) being put out of work. Not only that, it extracts from the distribution channels in which the vegetables can be delivered. For example, local distributors do not have to go overseas to pick the vegetables up. Also, the chances of the money being made from the sell and/or purchase of local products actually being spent locally increases.   Third, the CAGB should (c) Evaluate. In this step, an Evaluation of all the costs to the CAGB, its members, and the retailers should be examined. Costs to the CAGB have already been predetermined as â„“50,000 to run the PR campaign. However, the CAGB should note that hidden costs may exist as well. Hidden costs are those costs associated with something going wrong or an unpredictable event occurring. This means it is possible for costs to exceed â„“50,000. As a result, Sunshine PR will leave between â„“5,000 to â„“10,000 to account for potential costs beyond our control in the Miscellaneous Section of the budget. Thus, Market Research will play a key role in the implementation of this PR campaign. In order to find out who is interested in buying fresh vegetables, we need to probably pay consumers to take surveys. Not only that, we can find out what types of vegetables local retail chains want to sell by interviewing them. Information about Market Research possibilities can be found at the Communication Research website.   Fourth, after the full details of the budget have been decided (and Market Research has been analyzed), our company must get with the CAGB to discuss how to (d) Implement. In this stage, we must decide who will be a part of this campaign, all the types of media to use, who the target audience will be, when the project will begin, and how much to charge the farmers who decide to join one of the various levels of memberships. Of course, all of these things can be decided upon the acceptance of this proposal from Sunshine PR by the CAGB committee. Consequently, we can go to the next question. What are we doing to get there?   In order to get to the point where our local farmers are servicing the local retailers with fresh vegetables, the CAGB must first make the local farmers aware of its organization. Some of the ways to accomplish this goal include: Establishing public relations as a critical component of [CAGB] organizational success; Empowering current and future public relations professionals who represent a broad spectrum of diversity†¦ Building a community of leaders to serve the profession [CAGB members] and the Society [United Kingdom]; and Enhancing universal understanding [in particular, the United Kingdom areas] of, and appreciation for, the power and value of public relations, while adhering to the highest standards of ethics and excellence. As a result, some Objectives are needed. These objectives help us to understand the next question. Who do we need to talk to? The CAGB needs to talk to farmers. In addition to farmers, the CAGB needs to talk with local retailers, the general public, the media, banks, and so forth. Therefore, one of the main objectives is to determine who all the Stakeholders (as those just mentioned) are. As a result, the Stakeholders need to be broken down into manageable components. [Picture of farmer extracted from Microsoft Clipart] Thus, Sunshine PR has listed the Stakeholders into five parts: Public. The public includes the media and local community. Overseas. In the overseas part, we need to find out who the local retailers are importing to and then determine how we can undercut the prices the local retailers are paying for imported vegetables. Financial. In this section, we need to decide how the farmers who join the CAGB will be helped from a financial standpoint. Maybe set up partnerships with local banks for those farmers who become CAGB members is a good start. Government. Here, we want to inform our government of what is going on. Perhaps the government wants to get involved because by business staying at home, more money becomes available for taxation purposes as well. Commercial. In this section, we want to decide who the suppliers of the products will be, the wholesalers that exist, and the retailers available for this opportunity. No medium should be left unturned. Internal. In this section, we need to get CAGB members on board, management needs to be kept current on what is going on, and if any unions exist for the farmers, then we need to make sure the independent contracts are signed between the farmer and the local retailer so all details of what is to occur are known. In this manner, no surprises that will incur extra costs can result from a retailer telling a farmer they did not deliver all that was expected or from a farmer telling a retailer that they cheated them out of some money. This brings us to the next question. How will we know we’ve arrived? Well, we will know this from our Message Strategies and Targeting Strategies. First, we need to have two Message Strategies: (a) One is to understand that by local farmers selling chicory to local retailers, the partnerships will lead to more jobs and a better economy in the UK and (b) The other is to know that the PR campaign will raise total awareness of the fact that the CAGB will help independent farmers acquire business with local retail chains providing that the farmers choose to become a CAGB member.   Moreover, the PR campaign will help the general public to understand what the CAGB is and who the CAGB can help. In this aspect, the Targeting Strategy includes (a) Consumers—in this case the Consumers are the general public, the Suppliers are the farmers, and the Distributors are the local retail chains. In addition, (b) the Targeting Strategy includes the Media. Who is the media? Well, the media includes local television stations, newspapers, radio stations, billboards, and other methods of advertisements. Therefore, the Consumers should know that the products sold at local food retail chains will be fresh and home grown. Furthermore, the Media should know that the CAGB is trying to help farmers stay in business, local retail chains sell fresh products, and consumers eat fresh and healthy goods that come from home-grown vegetables. In a matter of speaking, this means CAGB will be helping those at home help themselves.   Significantly, CAGB can align its Strategies with Target Public Relations’ Objectives as presented by PRCA.   Target’s PR programme for SMEs had a number of defined objectives:   To sustain media coverage and Powergen’s reputation for ‘energy expertise’ amongst SMEs throughout the year—including during the summer period, when warm, sunny days mean the issue of energy consumption at work is of much less interest to both journalism and SMEs.   To build a relationship between Powergen and SMEs, capitalizing on the fact that no other energy supplier is talking directly to them.   To broaden the perception of energy to include ‘personal energy’ and positivity in line with Powergen’s overall brand objectives, led by the irreverent ‘Bob’ advertisements starring comedian Simon Day.   This brings us to possible practicalities or constraints. As a result, we need to discuss them. Practicalities.   One of the main constraints is how to regain the business that has already been lost to companies exporting vegetables to the United Kingdom. Within this constraint is the fact that comments often influence decisions. Therefore, what we say throughout this PR campaign will be under a microscope. In simple terms, this means we will be quoted. This issue was discussed in an article presented at the Institute for Public Relations  (IPR) website. In the article, Paine discussed,   In the media and in most news groups, the vast majority of what is said about a particular organization is neutral. But the unfettered and unfiltered nature of the blogosphere [media] brings more opinions and frequently more negative opinions. Remember to step back as far as you can and remain objective. Think like your target audience. Just because someone leaked a piece of information or got a name wrong is not reason to respond or get involved in a discussion. Yet, as mentioned earlier in this presentation, â„“50,000 is not much. Therefore, limited funding is another practicality. Still, a third practicality is getting independent farmers to realize that CAGB membership is important to them achieving a sustainable competitive future. However, it is important to know that this PR campaign may not be enough. Overbury wrote, ‘For many PR agencies and departments, the place they will look for that expertise and new media familiarity will be those just joining the profession’. Thus, we come to understand that it is possible to acquire new CAGB members and therefore, help them sell chicory to local retail chains. Approvals.   We need to implement the objectives and strategies discussed in this presentation for two reasons: (1) Job vacancies and (2) To connect. First, we can open up more jobs by helping farmers sell locally. This, in turn, betters the community. Second, we can connect people-to-people by helping them to develop relationships with one another. In this manner, culture does not get lost as it sometimes does when international companies come in with their goods and services. Also, it should be noted that email can be one of the main methods (social media) of both corresponding and obtaining approval as determined by PR Studies.   Also, it should be mentioned that the UK economy will face global turmoil and high oil prices in the upcoming year. Therefore, our economy is in for a bumpy ride, as pointed out by Giles. Remarkably, we can use this to our advantage to get local retail chains to contract with local farmers who are members of the CAGB. Not only that, the fact that oil prices have increased means that it is getting difficult to keep up with the currency exchange. As a result, inflation is possible, as The Economist discussed.   Therefore, getting Approvals for implementation of the items mentioned in this CAGB Report are very achievable.   Consequently, let me suggest that the campaign begin by us purchasing a list of consumers’ email addresses and sending out a bulk, but relevant email  detailing what we are trying to accomplish. We can then ask the consumers to answer the survey and send the email back to us for a free cup of coffee or something along those lines.   Conclusion   So, now this presentation comes to concludes. Please keep in mind that the main issues to be addressed in the PR campaign concerns us making the general public aware that they can purchase fresh vegetables if the local farmers are given the opportunity to sell to the local retail chains. Thus, the main goal is to get the independent local farmers to become members of the CAGB so that they can have the opportunity to sell their chicory and other vegetables to local retail chains. Remarkably, this will help the UK reduce the heavy reliance on imported exotic vegetables. As a result, by local farmers selling to local retail chains, the local economy will be able to create a sustainable competitive economy. Thus, in order for us to achieve a better future, let us narrow the bridge the gap between our consumers, our local farmers (suppliers), and our local retail chains (distributors). Thank you. Microsoft PowerPoint ¹. Public Relations: Theory Practice: Week 3 PR Campaign Planning, slds. 1-19. 2007. retrieved 27 November 2007, PRTAPWK03_-Planning_Models Microsoft PowerPoint ². Public Relations: Theory Practice: Week 4 Stakeholding Media Relations Consultancy practice, slds. 1-18. 2007. retrieved 27 November 2007, PRTAPWK03_-Planning_Models   Wikipedia, Chicory, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, 2007, retrieved 27 November 2007, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicory Wikipedia, Chicory. Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR), Membership grades, CIPR, 2007, retrieved 27 November 2007, http://www.cipr.co.uk/membership/index.htm   CIPR, Membership grades. CommunicationResearch.org. Market Research, 2007, retrieved 27, November 2007, http://www.communicationresearch.org/search/ Public Relations Society of America (PRSA), Mission, PRSA, 2007, retrieved 27 November 2007, http://www.prsa.org/aboutUs/strategicPlanning.html?WT.ac=ABOUT_StratPlanningTopNav Microsoft PowerPoint ². Slide 17. Target Public Relations, Campaign: ‘Britain’s Most Energetic Boss’ B2B campaign, PRCA, September 2004-February 2005, retrieved 27 November 2007, http://www.prca.org.uk/assets/pdf/boss.pdf Target Public Relations, Objectives, p. 2. K.S. Paine, How to measure Social Media Relations, Institute for Public Relations, April 2007, retrieved 27 November 2007, http://www.instituteforpr.org/files/uploads/How_to_Measure_Blogs.pdf Paine, p. 7.   K Overbury, Behind the Spin: What happens when the â€Å"new media† isn’t new enough?, PublicSphere, 27 June 2006, pp. 1-2, retrieved 27 November 2007, http://publicsphere.typepad.com/behindthespin/2006/06/what_happens_wh.thml PR Studies, Only connect, 21 November 2007, retrieved 27 November 2007, http://prstudies.typepad.com/weblog/ C Giles, UK—Economy Trade: Warning given of ‘bumpy ride’ for economy, The Financial Times, 28 November 2007, retrieved 28 November 2007, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/48855d02-9d3e-11dc-af03-0000779fd2ac.html The Economist, Finance Economics: Countdown to lift-off, The Economist Newspaper Limited 2007, 2007, retrieved 28 November 2007, http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10191717   M Varley, Relevance is â€Å"king† of DM, Centaur Communications Ltd, 27 November 2007, retrieved 28 November 2007, http://www.mad.co.uk/Logon/

Use Of Determiners In Newspaper Media Media Essay

Use Of Determiners In Newspaper Media Media Essay This study aims to examine how different strategies and processes are used in sociolinguistics, as a way of adjustment of the writers manner of address, in relation to his or her perception of the addressee; focusing on the use of determiners. The hypothesis for this study is therefore: fewer determiners will be deleted from the newspapers considered up-market (Group 1), than the amount deleted from those newspapers considered mid and down-market (Group 2). This is a complex process of change within the dynamics of conversation and writing.  [1]  It is often said that convergence seems to be the rule in media language. For instance, phonological features in radio broadcasting showed that presenters use measurably more informal pronunciations in stations which primarily address lower class, less educated, and younger listeners.  [2]  As far as newspapers are concerned, the followed classic hypothesis of convergence has been made by S. Hall, who claims that there is reciprocity of producer/reader of which he called the public idiom of the media. However, this does not mean that the readers actually speak what they read or listen to, but there is evidence to suggest that a convergence takes place and that each paper makes its own convergence toward what it sees as a mode of discourse acceptable to its readership.  [3]   Background Research Bell has carried out research into determiner deletion;  [4]  that being words found within the English Language that limit the meaning of a noun and comes before a descriptive adjective modifying the same noun (e.g. the, a, an, this etc.).  [5]  Several studies show that the deletion of articles in such phrases distinguishes tabloids from broadsheet British Newspapers. These are correlationswith assumed class and education and the deletion of determiners seems to imply modernity, populism, and journalistic raciness. Ryden and Bell  [6]  both investigate the use of noun phrase name appositions in the language of newspapers, and in particular the spread of phrases like Opposition leader Neil Knock with the descriptive noun phrase without a determiner preceding the title. This format is relatively recent and is, in Britain, largely but not entirely restricted to the two categories of mid-down market papers The influence of the reader in newspaper style is supported by the research carried out by Bell  [7]  and Jucker  [8]  . Bell, in his studies on naming expressions, states that this practice was more common in papers like The Sun, The Mirror, and The Express than in The Telegraph, The Guardian and The Times. After studying the deletion of determiners Jucker divided British newspapers into three categories: up-market; The Times, Financial Times, The Guardian, The Independent, The Daily telegraph, midmarket; Daily Mail, Daily Express, down-market; Daily Mirror, The Daily Star, and The Sun. He found that determiners were deleted more often in down-market papers than in mid-market papers, while there were very few deletions in style with a certain type of reader. Methodology Many considerations were taken in terms of which method would be best to use in order to carry out the investigation into the use of determiners in the media. The first decision that had to be made was which branch of the media would be used as a source for the study. The options ranged from television programs, magazines, internet websites, radio and newspapers. The choice of newspapers was made based primarily on access to previous research, mentioned in the above Background Research section of this report. The fact that a similar study had been carried out byBell et al. in the comparison of determiner usage between the different types of newspaper gave a good basis on which to base this study. Added to this is the intrigue of whether the results obtained will have a similar outcome to those obtained by these linguists twenty years ago. The next step was to realise that in order to study determiners, a content analysis was the only possible method that could be used. It was also the same method used by Bell et al. in their study. However there are many advantages and disadvantages of using this process that led to many limitations to the practical side of the study. It is fairly time consuming which can often limit the researcher to a smaller sample than a less time consuming method. The chance for a margin of error is increased particularly if relational analysis is used. This study does require a level of relational analysis; that being the assumption of what, by todays standard of English, counts as a missing determiner and what does not; which limits the validity of the results, especially if the intention is to directly compare the results found by Bell et al. It is also difficult to computerize and therefore the results obtained have to be manually automated which adds to the total time consumption that using a digital content analysis could perhaps have avoided. On the other hand there are many advantages to using content analysis such as the fact that it can combine quantitative and qualitative operations through the ability to see clearly the context of the deletion or inclusion. This method also has very few ethical issues as it is available to the public and no permission is needed in order to access it. It is also a very unobtrusive means of analysing the use of the English Language. It is also reliable as this study has been done before and can be repeated by the same or other researchers. The study therefore began firstly by selecting a number of different newspapers to compare. This was done by initially selecting an equal number of British papers that are considered up-market newspapers, i.e. The Times, The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, and an equal number of mid-downmarket  [9]  newspapers such as The Daily Mail, The Sun and The Daily Star. The six papers aforementioned were picked from those available from the University Shop on campus, with each category of newspaper represented and to be used in comparison with each other. They were then grouped into the retrospective classes: Group 1 included The Times, The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian; Group 2 included The Sun, The Daily Mail and The Daily Star. The hypothesis, that fewer determiners will be deleted from the papers in Group 1 than the amount deleted from Group 2, was then decided upon. After the newspapers were selected the specific details of how this content analysis would be carried out was then agreed upon. It was decided that two articles would be analysed from each of the six papers; one regarding a political subject and the other focussing on sport. This was done in order to firstly observe if there was any difference between the uses of determiners between the papers and then secondly if there was a difference within the different papers when the subject matter was different. It was clear that in order to increase the validity of this research the newspapers analysed would have to all be taken from the same date and then the articles chosen were to be about the same topic within politics and sport. The newspapers were therefore collected for analysis on the 6th May 2010 and the similar stories of the day in the two subject areas were then analysed. It was decided that the headlines and tag lines of all the articles would be included in the study. However it was recognised that headlines in general tend to have determiner deletions as standard. After the articles were selected the exact process of working out the determiner deletion was decided upon. Firstly the article word length was counted and recorded, then the entire article was analysed and all the determiners within the article were highlighted and totalled. Then a second analysis of each article was carried out in order to locate where the determiners were missing in accordance with Standard English practice.  [10]  These would again be totalled and recorded in a spread sheet where the number of determiners which have been deleted would be calculated as a percentage of the total determiners that could have been used in the entire article. Although every measure has been taken to improve the reliability, validity and practical issues posed by any method of research, this study is not without its limitations. Firstly not all the variables can be controlled. Firstly, the sex of the journalist whom had written each article is not being taken into account. This means that the results obtained could be reduced in validity, due to the fact that gender could have an influence over the amount of determiners used within the articles. In a similar vein, the age of the journalist is also unknown, which could similarly have an impact upon the amount of determiners used or deleted. It is also a fairly subjective study and it is likely that some determiner deletions could be overlooked depending upon the researcher carrying out the study. Due to the time consuming nature of this method as aforementioned the sample size had to be kept quite small to three newspapers of the two different categories. This reduces the representativeness of the study as not all newspapers have been analysed. Added to this, only one newspaper considered mid-market has been used alongside two considered down market which means the sample is not as representative as it could be. Therefore it is probably unlikely that any generalisations can be made from this study only suggestions. Results The table of results and bar graphs for this study can be found in Appendices 1.0 2.2. Discussion As stated in the hypothesis it would have been expected that this study would produce results similar to those presented by Bell in 1991, though possibly not so polarised and extreme, with up-markets exhibiting the least amount of determiner deletion and mid-down markets the highest. When looking at the sum of the combined averages for up-market newspapers and the mid-down market newspapers it can be seen that the up market newspapers had the combined average determiner deletion of 31.9% and the mid-down market newspapers had the combined average determiner deletion of 44.17%. This suggests that the hypothesis that fewer determiners will be deleted from the newspapers considered up-market (Group 1) than the amount deleted from those newspapers considered mid and down-market (Group 2) is supported by the results found. The newspaper with the highest average deletions was the mid-market newspaper, The Daily Mail, with an average of 15.97% determiner deletion. However, very surprisingly the up-market newspaper, The Guardian, came out with the second highest average percentage of determiner deletion, at 20.78%. Not only is this unexpected because it is an up-market newspaper, but also because The Guardians politics article had the highest determiner deletion percentage within the entire study. Based on the premise that up-markets are aimed at a higher and more educated social class than mid-down markets, and also that politics articles are likely to draw a more sophisticated readership than sports articles, it was anticipated that the former type of newspaper would use a more standard form of English with a lower percentage of determiner deletion. In addition to this, it was presumed that sports articles would also have a higher percentage of determiner deletion than articles written about politics bu t this was not found to be the case with many of the newspapers. The Daily Telegraph was the paper that supported the hypothesis the most as it came in at the bottom with only 6.09% deletion for its politics article, and this is what was supposed would happen taking into account Bells study and findings. Nevertheless, it was The Daily Telegraphs sports article that actually came in with the lowest amount of deletion, with only 3.88%. This finding was unforeseen, but it may be that the journalist writing the politics article for The Daily Telegraph wished to make it snappier so as to attract a larger audience, and believed that deleting determiners would achieve this effect. The Times supports the hypothesis as its sports article contains 15.7% of determiner deletion, but only 7.34% in its politics issue. It is also relatively near the bottom of the table as would be expected, considering it is one of the chosen up-market newspapers. The Times was in fact the newspaper that Bell found had the least amount determiner deletion in 1991, with only 5%. However it has been found that as time has passed journalists from both types of papers tend to use determiner deletion as much as each other. It is perhaps now the case that they are less concerned with targeting a very specific audience and more so with selling newspapers. It seems to be mid-down market papers that have changed the most. Bell found that they all had 73% deletion of determiners or above, whereas this study has found that the highest percentage of a mid-down market newspaper is 20.48% from The Sun. Perhaps these newspapers are trying to make themselves appear less mid-market, and appeal to a more sophisticated audience. Improvements If this study was to be performed again there are a few ways in which it could be improved. Firstly, as two members of the group worked out the percentage of determiner deletion there is immediately going to be a difference in results as deciding where determiners should be and have been deleted is a subjective process. It is not always clear and so perhaps if this were to be replicated each member of the group should work out the percentage from all papers and then compare the findings, working out the average percentage of deletion. Using a larger sample would also be beneficial as one article may not be representative of the whole newspaper, and so there may have been anomalies within the results. The articles chosen were all of varied lengths and so this could have affected the results. It may be that articles tend to have the most determiner deletion at the end and therefore the longer an article is the higher percentage of deletion. It could even be possible that the journalists articles that were chosen to be analysed could have previously or aspired to be a writer for the other type of newspaper, and so arestill writing in that style. This is possibly something that could have been researched to ensure the articles used in this study were written by the same types of authors and were truly representative of the whole papers style. Moreover, there was no focus in the study on one particular sex and therefore next time a comparison between male journalists writing for up-markets and female journalists writin g for the same type of paper could be looked into and compared against mid-down market newspapers. It would be interesting to discover whether females for example chose to delete more determiners than males. Conclusion In conclusion, this study has supported the hypothesis but only to an extent. It has found a very mixed set of results; with some papers supporting the hypothesis and others challenging it. Whilst it was found that a mid-down market newspaper did have the highest average percentage of determiner deletion what was most surprising was that The Guardian has the second highest average percentage of determiner deletion, which would very much suggest that times and the styles attributed to each type of newspaper have changed drastically in the twenty years since Bell performed his study. This may possibly be due to the fact that newspaper sales are continually declining, and so both types of papers are trying to appeal to a wider audience. As suggested by Roy Greenslade, print cant compete with 24-hour news on television and radio,  [11]  and so they need to do all they can to up their sales. If up-market newspapers for example continue to focus on an upper-class audience then they are seriously limiting their number of potential buyers, and so buy removing determiners they make their articles snappier and more accessible to a larger audience. It is also possible that the complexity of the issues reported on in up-market newspapers actually makes it harder to cut out determiners, and therefore the political issues have a higher amount of determiner deletion because their authors try a lot harder to do so. Finally, the results obtained by this study imply that the percentage of determiner deletion could depend more on the journalist writing the article, as opposed to the type of newspaper they are writing for. Bibliography Allen, Robert, The Penguin English Dictionary, (London: The Penguin Group, 2001) Bell, Allen, The Language of the News Media, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991) Giles, Howard and Peter F. Powesland,  Speech Style and Social Evaluation, (London: Academic Press, 1975) Holmes, Janet, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, (Essex, Pearson Education Limited), pp. 137-138 Leonhard, Joachim-Fà ©lix, Hans-Werner Ludwig, Media Science: A Manual for the Development of the Media and Communication Forms, (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Co., 2002) Jucker, Andreas H, Social stylistics: Syntactic Variation in British Newspapers, (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Co., 1992) Roy Greensdale, Newspaper Sales Plunge over the Decade, Monday 14th December, 2009 [accessed 19th May 2010] Appendix 1.0 A Table of Results Newspaper Type Article Subject % Deletion Average Combined Average Article Word Count No. of Determiners No. of Deleted Determiners The Guardian Up-market Politics 20.78% 15.39% 870 154 32 Sport 10.00% 795 140 14 The Times Up-market Politics 7.34% 11.52% 727 109 8 Sport 15.70% 634 121 19 The Telegraph Up-market Politics 6.09% 4.99% 31.90% 800 115 7 Sport 3.88% 827 103 4 The Daily Mail Mid-market Politics 16.03% 15.97% 799 131 21 Sport 15.91% 878 132 21 The Sun Mid-market Politics 20.48% 14.37% 767 83 13 Sport 8.25% 587 97 8 The Daily Star Down-market Politics 19.10% 13.84% 44.17% 694 115 22 Sport 8.57% 836 105 9 Appendix 2.0 A Bar Graph Depicting the Results of Determiner Deletions between the Types of Newspapers and Subject Matter Appendix 2.1 A Bar Graph Depicting the Results of Average Determiner Deletions between all Newspapers

Bare Bones Essay examples -- Poetry Analysis

The poem â€Å"Sometimes the Words Are So Close,†(963) written by Julia Alvarez, discusses how words like a person can be stripped down and made uncomplicated. People are full of layers that surround them everyday. Each layer can be discarded one at a time, down to the bare essentials and in that space, people can be who they truly are. This is also where she explores her voice as a woman. Andrea Schaefer said, in reference to the â€Å"33† Sonnet collection, â€Å"...Alvarez further explores the themes of her voice taking flight and the powers of language to effect personal and political change. These poems more explicitly address her Dominican roots and her 'childhood in a dictatorship/ when real talk was punishable by death'...† During another interview, Alvarez stated; â€Å"...The page is where I learned to put together my different worlds, where I've put down the deepest roots...† Although born in New York, Alvarez lived in the Dominican Republic wi th her family for her first ten years. Unfortunately, they had to flee back to the United States as political exiles in 1960. On writing, Alvarez stated, â€Å"...Not understanding the language, I had to pay close attention to each word -- great training for a writer. I also discovered the welcoming world of the imagination and books...† Alvarez's poem addresses the two worlds she grew up in, the Dominican Republic and the United States and the differences of language in each. Through an implied metaphor, the speaker of the poem unveils herself, a line at a time, while simultaneously building upon the â€Å"figure†(7) of the poem to reveal at its core, a woman. â€Å"Words†(1) are often difficult to form into speech, especially when there is a barrier of translating what they mean as opposed to what they say.... ...Sienna M Potts: Siennese.com. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . Alvarez, Julia. Andrea Schaefer. American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies, Supplement 7. Ed. Jay Parini. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2001. From Scribner Writers Series. 26 Mar. 2012. Alvarez, Julia. â€Å"Sometimes the Words Are So Close.† Meyers 963. Kevane, Bridget and Juanita Heredia. 'Julia Alvarez and Juanita Heredia. Latina Self-Portraits: Interviews with Contemporary Women Writers.† Ed. Citizen of the World: An Interview with Julia Alvarez. Albuquerque, N.M.: University of New Mexico Press, 2000. p19-32. Rpt. In Hunter, Jeffrey W. â€Å"Contemporary Literary Criticism.† 274. Detroit: Gale. From Literature Resource Center. 26 Mar. 2012 Meyer, Michael. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 9th Ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2012. print.

Comparing Courage and Cowardice in A Dolls House, Ghosts and Hedda Gab

Courage and Cowardice in A Doll's House, Ghosts and Hedda Gabler All successful drama consists of conflict, whether between or within characters. Henrik Ibsen's work, A Doll's House is no exception.   Ibsen's play studies Nora's early courage and her confirmation of that courage at the end of the play. Nora's strength of character in forging her father's signature on a loan, and the repercussions of that act, provide much of the driving force for the drama. But Nora's great choice remains until the last act. She speaks of "the most wonderful thing," she has countless opportunities to escape from her dilemma through the assistance of Krogstad or Rank, but it is not until the final pages of Act IV that her final decision, and that resounding door slam, emphasize Nora's final courageous choice to leave her husband and unhealthy marriage. If A Doll's House takes an early act of courage as its driving force, its successor, Ghosts, uses one of cowardice. Mrs. Alving's early failure to reveal her husband's true character and actions to his children provides the "tragic flaw" for t...

Offshore Banking Essay -- foreign bank, financial secrecy

Offshore banking is the action of having a bank account outside of the country of residence. Since its start, offshore banking has become a considerably lucrative business. Many of those who take part in offshore banking are looking for a secure location to place their income or seize the opportunity of having lower taxes. However, there are those who misuse the privilege of a foreign bank and use the business ventures for illegal actions rather than the original purpose of the dealings. Offshore banks seem to have an impartial acceptance of quite a few clients within the bank that create a lower standard of ethics in contrast to the ethics meant to be held—this includes those of a political position. Furthermore, this has the potential to be detrimental to the economy. Individuals that have offshore accounts control accounts through a credit card that has a unique and individual number and secret code. These would often be referred to as â€Å"identifier codes† called IBNs (International Bank Account Number)—where the account holder is identified by a sequence of characters—rather than the traditional system of recording names, as defined by National Westminster Bank. An IBN is not to be confused with an account number (though it not uncommon for an account number to be included) as it often varies between countries. Often times, a report must be filed for the purpose of obtaining this information. This system helps all of these banks provide financial secrecy which is that only you and your banker would legally be allowed to know the financial activity within your account. The financial secrecy, completely different from financial privacy, includes many regulations to maintain this asset of secrecy. For example, many banks would n... ....). Democracy Now!. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://www.democracynow.org/2011/4/15/offshore_banking_and_tax_havens_have Offshore banking. (2014, November 2). Wikipedia. Retrieved February 20, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_banking Purpari, M. (n.d.). How Far Offshore is Offshore Banking?. Suite101.com. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from https://suite101.com/a/how-far-offshore-is-offshore-banking-a344923 Ritchie, J. (n.d.). Connect With Us. MintLife Blog. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from https://www.mint.com/blog/trends/offshore-banking/ Warren, Z. (2013, September 23). U.S. government cracking down on offshore bank accounts through FATCA. U.S. government cracking down on offshore bank accounts through FATCA. Retrieved February 20, 2014, from http://www.insidecounsel.com/2013/09/23/us-government-cracking-down-on-offshore-bank-accou

Globalization: What It Is and How Can We Improve for the Better Essay

You can interpret globalization in any way you want because it is not a word but a way of living, be it bad or good. Where did the term globalization come from and what does it mean for consumers, corporate factories, and workers? How did it affect their lives? Despite all of its different sides, globalization is a good thing but to a certain extent. Globalization is in our world now and we should focus on what we should do to regulate globalization to where we are progressing as a whole and not returning to the dark ages. In order to answer these questions we must ask ourselves what does globalization mean? The dictionary definition of globalization is the act of globalizing, or extending to other or all parts of the world. According to Charles Tilly, ‘globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions, especially when that increase stretches a significant proportion of all interactions across international or intercontinental limits’ (qtd. in Kesselman 2). It also means it is a worldwide integration and development of countries for the benefit of the world. Economic globalization is a little different. According to the dictionary, economic globalization refers to increasing interdependence of and national economies across the world through a rapid increase in inter-border movement of goods, service, technology, and capital. Even though we hear about globalization a lot recently, the term is not new. People have been selling and trading with different nations for thousands of years before the Great War (World War I) broke out; putting it on hold. In fact, globalization has been around for many centuries now. It has just been a pattern ever since man first traded. A new era of globalization started and has continued since the 1980s (Kesselman 4). Many believe globalization to be spread by westerners. Since the new era of trade, the west did have a large part in influencing globalization, many of which were manufactured automobiles or textiles. â€Å"Globalization is often seen as global westernization† (Sen 28). Even though globalization is most commonly viewed as such, it is not entirely an invention of westerners. There has also been a large influence from the easterners too. Globalization can be a good thing. One good reason why globalization is good is because of international trade. Trade has increase and production has increased. Goods and products have been traded internationally around the world. We get bananas, sneakers, and clothes from other countries. When we trade internationally, it helps both sides of the trade. One country gets the profit to help its’ country out and the other gets its product. â€Å"The bottom line then is that†¦trade is beneficial† (Wolf 76). An example of trade that is beneficial: Of the countries of the world, those in East Asia have grown the fastest and done most to reduce poverty. And they have done so, emphatically, via â€Å"globalization.† Their growth has been based on exports—by taking advantage of the global market for exports and by closing the technology gap. It was not just gaps in capital and other resources that separated the developed from the less-developed countries, but difference in knowledge. East Asian countries took advantage of the â€Å"globalization of knowledge† to reduce these disparities. (Stiglitz 87) Another reason why globalization can be a good thing is knowledge and communications. Without the invention of telephone, it was hard to communicate with one another in the United States. Before phones or telegrams, there were carrier pigeons, letters by mail, or person-to-person conversations. Now almost everywhere around the world has some sort of communication; cell phones, internet, video chats, blogs, etc. The internet is also a means to free information. Of course, there are plenty of negative impacts of globalization. The spreading of information and the spreading of factories causing severe side effects that could cause destruction throughout the world and already has. â€Å"As your country puts on the Golden Straitjacket, two things tend to happened: your economy grows and your politics shrinks† (Friedman 61). In other words, once a country plays into the global economy they have to make huge sacrifices. Globalization is driven by investments, trades, and information. With this rapid form of sharing, it has major effects on the environment and cultures along with the people. Some of them are even harsh. â€Å"Flames and smoke swept the cramped textile factory in Baldia Town, a northwestern industrial suburb, creating panic among the hundreds of poorly paid workers who had been making undergarments and plastic tools†¦almost killing 300 workers† (ur-Rehman, Walsh, and Masood 2012). This is one of the many reasons of the negative impacts of globalization. With globalization many corporations only care about production and how fast they can produce it. Many of the factories, like the one in Baldia, had no safety regulations because the factory wanted more production and more money. Instead of using that money to get better safety for the factory, almost 300 people died that day. I believe that globalization is a good with regulations in place. There will need to be a lot of rules and regulations of globalizations like safety and health. I believe in free information and knowledge. It should be free in order for us to go and become a better people. Without these rules, things like Baldia happen. Globalization plays a big part in our lives today. Even if we tried, we would not be able to stop globalization. We can only regulate it. With globalization we can move towards a more peaceful future where we can understand each other. To improve safety and have regulations is a way to improve globalization. This will make it a whole lot better. If the factory in Baldia had better safety regulations and pay, then the outcome of the burning would have been different. There would be 300 people alive today. Despite all of its different sides, globalization is a good thing only when it is kept regulated. Globalization is in our world now and we should focus on what we should do to regulate globalization to where we are progressing as a whole and not going backwards. With all of the bad and the good, only we can make the difference however small that change may be it is still a difference for the better. Actions that will help others are the only way to go and understand one another more. With all of our technology and knowledge, we can solve many of the worlds’ problems if we just were not so greedy. With globalization, we can change the world; hopefully for the better. Works Cited Friedman, Thomas L. â€Å"The Lexus and the Olive Tree.† The politics of globalization: a reader. Mark Kesselman. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007. 59-69. Print. Kesselman, Mark. â€Å"Globalization as Contested Terrain.† The politics of globalization: a reader. Mark Kesselman. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007. 1-13. Print. Sen, Amartya. â€Å"How to Judge Globalism.† The politics of globalization: a reader. Mark Kesselman. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007. 28-36. Print. Stiglitz, Joseph E. â€Å"Globalism’s Discontents.† The politics of globalization: a reader. Mark Kesselman. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007. 86-96. Print. ur-Rehman, Zia, Declan Walsh, and Salman Masood. â€Å"Pakistan Factory Fires Kill More Than 300.† The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 12 Sept. 2012. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Webster, Inc. Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. 11th ed. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2003. Print. Wolf, Martin. â€Å"Why Globalization Works.† The politics of globalization: a reader. Mark Kesselman. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007. 74-85. Print.

Case Garuda Indonesia Essay

In spite of the rapid growth in both passengers the traffic and fleet during the oil boom of the 1970’s, thus making it the â€Å"largest airline in the Southern Hemisphere†, Garuda, as it was known then, had been plagued by a bad reputation as well as heavy losses year after year. Having been a member of Mr. Lumenta’s management team of Garuda since November 17, 1984, Mr. Soeparno had the opportunity to involve himself with the management in its efforts to develop and implement new strategies to turn around the airline, which posted a net loss of U.S.$7 million in 1984 (exhibit 9), into profitability. He was therefore very pleased to see the company making a profit for the first time in more than a decade, to the tune of a modest rupiah 300 million (exhibit1). This result confirmed Mr. Soeparno’s confidence in the effectiveness of the policies adopted by Mr. Lumenta upon the latter’s appointment as President Director of Garuda in 1984. As the newly appointed President of Garuda, Mr. Soeparno is caught in the middle of a dilemma of whether to continue Mr. Lumenta’s successful policies or to formulate a new set of policies which would enhance the company’s ability to deal with the challenges it may face during his term and beyond. I. CENTRAL PROBLEM The weaknesses of their system were the manually produced passenger tickets and failure of reservation system. II. AREAS OF COSIDERATION a. Strength †¢ Good management †¢ Their business was expanding †¢ Higher Economic growth †¢ Biggest airlines in the Southern Hemisphere b. Weakness †¢ System weakness †¢ Not customer oriented TIME CONTEXT: January 6, 1988 SUMMARY: On January 6, 1988, Mr. Mohammad Soerparno (50) was appointed by the c. Opportunities †¢ Better condition of world’s economy †¢ The progress in business climate in Indonesia d. Threats †¢ Uncertain economic situation †¢ Increasing competition ANALYSIS Mr. Lumenta is a very hardworking and a responsible business man. He is a role model of the business industry, he find ways to settle the problems of the company, maintaining the stability the airlines is his one objective. Maintaining the stability of a company is not that easy, they encounter up’s and down. But in the case of the Garuda Indonesia they are the most prestige airlines in the country, they are the top among their competitors. III. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION I have therefore conclude that the best solution to the problem is In every business, negative and positive feedback of customer is always there. It is one of the reasons why company’s relay’s on their feedback, to know what the other ways are their going to accomplish just to satisfy their customer wants. Satisfying customers is one of the important, because your business cannot stand alone without them. Through them your business will evolve. As a recommendation, in order for that your customer will be sincere in your company you should show nice treatment to him, always prioritize you customer and new offers or new environment is one of the reason why customer is always constant to your company.